Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important transcription factors to relay auxin signaling. From the Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR), we identified 17 peach ARF genes (PpARFs) encoding the proteins with three conserved domains. Their gene structure and functional domains were analyzed. Their transcriptional response to exogenous auxin treatment was tested and confirmed. We also expressed PpARF-GFP fusion reporters in tobacco leaves and observed their nuclear localization by fluorescence microscopy. It has been known that ARFs are widely involved in fruit development. We compared the expression pattern of all PpARFs in different tissues including the fruits at different developmental stages of two peach cultivars, "melting" and "stony hard". We found eight PpARFs were more highly expressed in the "melting" peaches compared to "stony hard" peaches, while three PpARFs were more highly expressed in "stony hard" peaches. Among them, the expression difference of PpARF4, PpARF7 and PpARF12 was large, and their function in regulating fruit development and fruit quality was discussed. Our work provides a basis for further exploring the mechanisms underlying auxin regulated peach fruit ripening.
The Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) repressor genes down-regulate the auxin response pathway during many stages of plant and fruit development. In order to determine if and how Aux/IAAs participate in governing texture and hardness in stone fruit maturation, we identified 23 Aux/IAA genes in peach, confirmed by the presence of four conserved domains. In this work, we used fluorescence microscopy with PpIAA-GFP fusion reporters to observe their nuclear localization. We then conducted PCR-based differential expression analysis in “melting” and “stony hard” varieties of peach, and found that in the “melting” variety, nine PpIAAs exhibited peak expression in the S4-3 stage of fruit maturation, with PpIAA33 showing the highest (>120-fold) induction. The expression of six PpIAAs peaked in the S4-2 stage, with PpIAA14 expressed the most highly. Only PpIAA15/16 showed higher expression in the “stony hard” variety than in the “melting” variety, both peaking in the S3 stage. In contrast, PpIAA32 had the highest relative expression in buds, flowers, young and mature leaves, and roots. Our study provides insights into the expression patterns of Aux/IAA developmental regulators in response to auxin during fruit maturation, thus providing insight into their potential development as useful markers for quantitative traits associated with fruit phenotype.
Nowadays, the use of GPS has penetrated everyone's daily life, so the safety of GPS signals has threatened all of us. Since the portable GPS spoof was proposed at the Black Hat Conference, the cost and threshold of GPS spoofing have also been getting lower and lower. However, many strategies for anti-GPS spoofing may need to add new hardware equipment or require powerful computing power. We aim to use the smallest possible cost to complete the purpose of GPS spoofing detection. In this article, we have designed There are many different detection schemes, and their detection delay and accuracy are different. To prove their feasibility, we did a real experiment. We evaluated the performance of the system based on the experiment, and the results show that the system accuracy is as high as 98%. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy → Hardware attacks and countermeasures; • Information systems → Global positioning systems.
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