Internal morphologies of bulk shape oxides in a melt of Ti bearing low-carbon steel were analyzed. The outer shapes of nearly spherical inclusions containing Ti were quite different from the shape of alumina inclusions that typically have a cluster form. A cross-section investigation using a polishing method and the FIB method revealed that the TiO x -Al 2 O 3 complex oxide covers alumina clusters and that the interfaces of the alumina and complex oxide are modified as time passes.

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A cyclodipeptide-bridged porphyrin dimer has formed fibrous and toroidal multi-porphyrin array systems by hydrogen bonding-mediated self-assembly.

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