The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors (NRs) which are transcription factors that are essential in embryonic development, maintenance of differentiated phenotypes, metabolism and cell death. This review is to provide an overview of the mechanism of RXRα and RXRα signaling pathways involving RXR/TR3, RAR/RXR, PPAR/RXR, VDR/RXR, LXR/RXR, FXR/RXR in cancer cells and other diseases, which will enhance our ability to design rational therapeutic drugs for cancer. Recent studies have shown that an N-terminally truncated RXRα (tRXRα) exists in several cancer cell lines and primary tumors, which is considered as a kind of oncoprotein, demonstrating the new suitability of targeting tRXRα for cancer therapy.
OBJECTIVE This research was to induce dendritic cells (DCs) from mice embryonic stem cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro, and then compare the biologic characteristics of them. METHODS Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) suspending cultured in petri dishes were induced to generate embryonic bodies (EBs). Fourteen-day well-developed EBs were transferred to histological culture with the same medium and supplemented 25 ng/ml GM-CSF and 25 ng/ml IL-3. In the next 2 weeks, there were numerous immature DCs outgrown. Meantime, mononuclear cells isolated from mice bone marrow were induced to derive dendritic cells by supplementing 25 ng/ml GM-CSF and 25 ng/ml IL-4, and then the morphology, phenotype and function of both dendritic cells from diff erent origins were examined.
R E S U LT SG r o w i n g m a t u r e t h r o u g h e x p o s u r e t o lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both ESC-DCs and BM-DCs exhibited dramatic veils of cytoplasm and extensive dendrites on their surfaces, highly expressed CD11c, MHC-II and CD86 with strong capacity to stimulate primary T cell responses in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) . CONCLUSION ESC-DC has the same biologic characteristics as BM-DC, and it provides a new, reliable source for the functional research of DC and next produce corresponding anti-tumor vaccine.KEY WORDS: embryonic stem cell, bone marrow, dendritic cell, induce.
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