Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implications on cognitive functions. In this study we investigated in a rat model the long-term effects of protracted exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication-900 MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed for 2 h each week for 55 weeks to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation at different SAR levels (0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period) emitted by a (GSM-900) test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After this protracted exposure, GSM-900 exposed rats were compared to sham exposed controls. Effects on exploratory behaviour were evaluated in the open-field test, in which no difference was seen. Effects on cognitive functions were evaluated in the episodic-like memory test. In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P = 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure. Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (P = 0.02).

By introducing the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya (DM) interaction, the Loschmidt Echo (LE) of a quantum system consisting of a central spin and its surrounding environment characterized by an XY spin chain was investigated. The analytical expression of the LE was obtained. The effects of magnetic field, DM interaction, spin chain size, and anisotropy parameter on the evolution behavior of the LE were discussed numerically. At the critical points of magnetic field, the LE presents an obvious decay following with local oscillation. The decaying and oscillation behavior of the LE can be tuned by the intensity of the DM interaction. With increasing the spin chain size, the decaying amplitude is increased and the following oscillation behavior vanishes for the spin chain with larger size. The effect of the anisotropy parameter on the LE presents different properties at both sides of the knee point. The effect of the DM interaction on the decay of the LE is also related to the value of anisotropy parameter.