20 pages, 3 figures Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett.International audienceThe surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to Earth-skimming tau neutrinos that interact in Earth's crust. Tau leptons from ντ charged-current interactions can emerge and decay in the atmosphere to produce a nearly horizontal shower with a significant electromagnetic component. The data collected between 1 January 2004 and 31 August 2007 are used to place an upper limit on the diffuse flux of ντ at EeV energies. Assuming an Eν-2 differential energy spectrum the limit set at 90% C.L. is Eν2dNντ/dEν<1.3×10-7GeVcm-2s-1sr-1 in the energy range 2×1017e
It is well known that from four fundamental forces, only electromagnetic force plays clear and important role in our life reality. The spin one exchange boson caring the electromagnetic interaction is photon. The condition of zero-mass of photon leads to the Coulomb law with long-range interaction behavior. We consider analogy Anderson-Higgs mechanism, in some liquid water environments at a certain temperature, photon can have a finite effective mass, consequence to a Yukawa type potential. This screening potential could leads to sort-range behavior of electromagnetic effective interaction. We use this mechanism to develop physics models to explain some phenomena in life and soft systems.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.