A new C-glycosyl flavone, Chrysin-8-C-(2″-O-β-6-deoxy-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), a new neolignan glycoside, citrusin G (2), as well as 15 known compounds (3-17) were isolated from the peel of Passiflora edulis Sims. The structure determinations were primarily based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of 2 were unequivocally determined by the CD experiment and chemical transformation. Compound 1 represents the rare examples of the flavonoid featuring a deoxy glucose sugar moiety. Compounds 5, 7 and 9 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells, with IC values of 34.92, 16.12 and 26.67 μM, respectively.
Background: Previous studies found that antihypertensive medications (AHMs) acting on the renin-angiotensin system had the potential to reduce the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. However, it remains unclear whether this association differs between ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative among 403 participants with hypertension and mild cognitive impairment at baseline. Information on AHMs received during the follow-up period, including angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, were self-reported. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounders were used in the time to event analysis with progression to dementia as outcome. Results: Of the 403 participants, the mean (SD) age was 74.0 (7.3) years, 152 (37.7%) were female, 158 (39.2%) progressed to dementia over a median follow-up time of 3.0 years. Angiotensin receptor blockers were associated with a lower risk of progression to dementia as compared to ACE inhibitors (adjusted hazard ratio=0.45 [95% CI, 0.25–0.81]; P =0.023), other classes of AHMs (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27–0.89]; P =0.037), and none of AHMs (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.16–0.58]; P =0.001). Conclusions: In patients with hypertension and mild cognitive impairment, angiotensin receptor blockers were associated with a lower risk of progression to dementia compared with ACE inhibitors and other classes of AHMs. Our findings may have important implications for clinical practice but still warrant further investigations in larger prospective cohorts or clinical trials.
IntroductionCerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is common among older people and it could lead to dementia. Whether anti-platelet therapy (APT) could retard the cognitive decline of CSVD is unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate, in newly diagnosed CSVD patients without dementia, the association between the APT and dementia during follow-up.MethodsWe conducted a nested case-control study within a CSVD cohort. Dementia cases, such as vascular dementia (VaD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and unspecified dementia (UD), were individually matched (1:1) to controls by age, sex, and follow-up time. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) between APT and dementia.ResultsOf 9,991 patients in a cohort screened from January 2009 to December 2019 and followed-up until November 2020, 131 dementia cases were finally included and successfully matched to 131 controls. Among 262 patients with CSVD, the mean [standard deviation (SD)] age was 73.9 (7.9) years and 126 (48.1%) were men. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] follow-up periods were 4.73 (2.70–6.57) years in the control group and 2.94 (1.34–4.89) years in the case group. According to MRI at baseline, the case group showed higher CSVD burden in lacune(s) (p = 0.001), moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) (p = 0.015), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs) in basal ganglia (p = 0.005), and brain atrophy (p < 0.001). The APT was associated with the lower overall dementia risk and the matched OR was statistically significant (aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05–0.45, p = 0.001), and clopidogrel showed protective effects on overall dementia (aOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14–0.62, p = 0.001).ConclusionAmong newly diagnosed CSVD patients without dementia, APT was associated with a lower risk of dementia and clopidogrel might be an appropriate candidate in preventing dementia.
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