The surface modification of orthodontic wires with photocatalytic TiO(2) can be used to prevent the development of dental plaque during orthodontic treatment.
Rice straw is a lignocellulosic biomass, and has been recognized as a renewable organic substance and alternative energy source. In this study, rice straw was pretreated with hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B) solution. The optimal pretreatment conditions were determined via response surface methodology, and the pretreated rice straw was hydrolyzed with exo-glucanase, endoglucanase, hemicellulase, and β-glucosidase Accellerase 1000™ (endo-glucanase equivalent activity of 1,250 carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) U/g of rice straw pretreated for 24 h). The optimal conditions were as follows: 60 min pretreatment using Ox-B solution containing 0.6% hypochlorite and 25% hydrogen peroxide for 1 g of rice straw in a total reaction volume of 240 mL. Under these conditions, 406.8 mg of D-glucose and 224.0 mg of D-xylose were obtained from 1 g of rice straw. The fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates containing 8.14 g/L D-glucose and 4.49 g/L D-xylose with Pichia stipitis generated 3.65 g/L of ethanol with a corresponding yield of 0.37 g/g. The maximum possible ethanol conversion rate is 72.54%.
The conformality of the chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) W films is investigated with TiN films prepared by chemical vapor deposition using tetrakis-dimethylamino-titanium (TDMAT). Plasma treatment of TDMAT-TiN films is shown to be unsuccessful at removing volatile impurities from side-wall films. The conformality of CVD W films is improved with thinner TDMAT-TiN films and with a low contact aspect ratio. Based on the results of chemical analysis and annealing experiments, we deduce that outgassing from the TiN film on the side wall of holes strongly affects the conformality of CVD W films. Volatile impurities in the TiN film lead to slower growth of W films on the side-wall than on the top of the holes, which results in the deterioration of the conformality of W films.
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