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In this paper, a series of cellulose-based hydrophobic associating polymers were prepared by homogeneous acylation of microcrystalline cellulose with long-chain acyl chlorides including octanoyl, lauroyl, and palmitoly chlorides in the solvent of N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) using pyridine as acid scavenger. Through controlling the chain length of fatty acyl chlorides and the molar ratio of acyl chlorides vs anhydroglucose unit, the hydrophobic cellulose derivatives with degrees of substitution in the range of 0.02-1.75 were successfully obtained. The chemical structures and properties of these hydrophobic derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, CP/MAS 13 C NMR, X-ray diffraction, and the thermogravimetry analysis. It was also found that, the cellulose-based polymers achieved an excellent solubility in organic solvents, such as benzene, methylbenzene, and pyridine, with the introduction of hydrophobic side chain into the cellulose backbone. Furthermore, it was found that these hydrophobic cellulose derivatives could self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which indicates a tremendous potential of applications in pharmaceutical and medical fields.