Temperature, wind, and snow conditions predictably affect the nutrition, behavior, distribution, productivity, and mortality of free-ranging cattle and big game in winter. Indexing of data obtained with commonly available weather instruments to reflect episodes of positive and negative energy balances of free-ranging ruminants could aid scheduling of feeding programs and planning of cover-forage manipulations. Such a weather severity index was developed and tested over 11 winters. Plausible levels of stress and episodes of reiative severity were depicted during winters when mule deer exhibited low, moderate, and high mortality. The index curves mirrored over-winter deciines of fat reserves probably sustained by mule deer. Lesser weather severity was predicted and measured in a western juniper woodland than in an adjacent rabbitbrush steppe community in southcentrnl Oregon. Review of literature on ruminant physiology, microclimate, habitat structure, and diet quality suggested that productivity and survival of free-ranging ruminants could be predicted from interrelationships among those factors. Therefore, animal performance would likely be improved by managers who provided domestic and wild ruminants with shelter, to moderate effects of weather, or with a readily digestible diet, to satisfy nutrient requirements
Resource managers in the United States and Canada must face increasing demands for both timber and wildlife. Demands for these resources are not necessarily incompatible with each other. Management objectives can be brought together for both resources to provide a balanced supply of timber and wildlife. Until recently, managers have been hampered by lack of technique for integrating management of these two resources. The goal of the Habitat Futures Series is to contribute toward a body of technical methods for integrated forestry in British Columbia in Canada and Oregon and Washington in the United States. The series also applies to parts of Alberta in Canada and Alaska, California, Idaho, and Montana in the United States. Some publications in the Habitat Futures Series provide tools and methods that have been developed sufficiently for trial use in integrated management. Other publications describe techniques not yet well developed. All series publications, however, provide sufficient detail for discussion and refinement. Because, like most integrated management techniques, these models and methods have usually yet to be well tested, before application they should be evaluated, calibrated (based on local conditions), and validated. The degree of testing needed before application depends on local conditions and the innovation being used. You are encouraged to review, discuss, debate, and-above all-use the information presented in this publication and other publications in the Habitat Futures Series.The Habitat Futures Series has its foundations in the Habitat Futures workshop that was conducted to further the practical use and development of new management techniques for integrating timber and wildlife management and to develop a United States and British Columbia management and research communication network. The workshop jointly sponsored by the USDA Forest Service and the British Columbia Ministry of Forests and lands, Canada was held on October 20-24, 1986, at the Cowichan lake Research Station on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, CanadaOne key to successful forest management is providing the right information for decisionmaking. Management must know what questions need to be asked, and researchers must pursue their work with the focus required to generate the best solutions for management. Research, development, and application of integrated forestry will be more effective and productive if forums, such as the Habitat Futures Workshop, are used to bring researchers and managers together for discussing the experiences, successes, and failures of new management tools to integrate timber and wildlife.
Relationships of mule deer behavior and physiology to management of shrub-steppe plant communities in the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon are presented for application in land-use planning and habitat management. Communities are considered as they are used by mule deer for thermal cover, hiding cover, forage, fawning, and fawn rearing.
Resource managers in the United States and Canada must face increasing demands for both timber and wildlife. Demands for these resources are not necessarily incompatible with each other. Management objectives can be brought together for both resources to provide a balanced supply of timber and wildlife. Until recently, managers have been hampered by lack of technique for integrating management of these two resources. The goal of the Habitat Futures Series is to contribute toward a body of technical methods for integrated forestry in British Columbia in Canada and Oregon and Washington in the United States. The series also applies to parts of Alberta in Canada and Alaska, California, Idaho, and Montana in the United States. Some publications in the Habitat Futures Series provide tools and methods that have been developed sufficiently for trial-use in integrated management. Other publications describe techniques not yet well developed. All series publications, however, provide sufficient detail for discussion and refinement. Because, like most integrated management techniques, these models and methods have usually yet to be well tested, before application they should be evaluated, calibrated (based on local conditions), and validated. The degree of testing needed before application depends on local conditions and the innovation being used. You are encouraged to review, discuss, debate, and-above all-use the information presented in this publication and other publications in the Habitat Futures Series. The Habitat Futures Series has its foundations in the Habitat Futures workshop that was conducted to further the practical use and development of new management techniques for integrating timber and wildlife management and to develop a United States and British Columbia management and research communication network. The workshop-jointly sponsored by the
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