The directed energy deposition (DED) process can be employed to build net shape components or prototypes starting from powder or wires, through a layer-by-layer process. This process provides an opportunity to fabricate complex shaped and functionally graded parts that can be utilized in different engineering applications. DED uses a laser as a focused heat source to melt the in-situ delivered powder or wire-shaped raw materials. In the past years extensive studies on DED have shown that this process has great potential in order to be used for (i) rapid prototyping of metallic parts, (ii) fabrication of complex and customized parts, (iii) repairing/cladding valuable components which cannot be repaired by other traditional techniques. However, the industrial adoption of this process is still challenging owing to the lack of knowledge on the mechanical performances of the constructed components and also on the trustworthiness/durability of engineering parts produced by DED. This manuscript provides an overview of the additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys and focuses in particular on the mechanical properties and microstructure of components fabricated by DED.
In the first half of the 20th century throughout Europe, on the rubble produced by the two World Wars, new cultural ferments arise as a "critical" response to the socio-political events that affected Europe. In particular, in the Italy of the early 20th century there was a series of changes that affected not only architecture but every aspect of community life. The most important one was the introduction of the industrial process also in the construction sector favoured the search for innovative architectural solutions that led to the definition of a style called 'Modern': architecture must communicate clarity and knowledge, in order to achieve greater utility through the use of materials and construction systems to combine beauty and functionality of the building (see B. Taut). In the wide panorama of the most important figures of Modern Italian architects, the architect Giuseppe Vaccaro distinguished himself particularly in his different (often daring) architectural experiments for the ability to combine the typical instances of the typically Italian construction tradition with the new avantgardes constructive and technological of the beginning of the century. In fact, different times Giuseppe Vaccaro was collaborator of architect Marcello Piacentini and forefather of Modern architectural culture in Italy, he was the author, in particular, of one of the most important buildings of the Modern: the "Palazzo delle Poste" in Napoli. The building, designed together with Gino Franzi between 1933-1936, is close by the ancient Cloister of Monteoliveto; in particular, the main façade, articulated along a hyperbolic line, becomes an occasion for architectural and urban renewal of the district of Charity, in the centre of Napoli. The monolithic nature of this architecture and the typological, technological, constructive and of material characteristics become an instrument through which the architect tells of a "new Italy" that experiments innovations and avant-gardes of materials and constructive aspects, as result of experiments of Italian industries of the early 20th century. The research, part of a broader study of 20thcentury architecture, emphasizes, therefore, the need for a historical-analytical cognitive approach as a tool for the conservation the importance of each "value" of these architectures as an expression of a "Made in Italy" style.
In the XX century, Italian architects experimented with the use of new European construction vanguards: concrete and steel materials for building frames, new cladding systems, and many other technologies for structures and envelopes. However, while other countries have imposed heavy economic sanctions on Italy, the Italian Government adopted an economic protection protocol to improve protectionist policies of self-production. This situation has led to the optimization of national resources and the creation of experimental models of architecture, often beyond the “limits of physics”. Villa Girasole in Marcellise (Verona, Italy) by Angelo Invernizzi is a current example of this innovation process, which has enhanced knowledge about construction techniques, domotics, and building energy systems. Villa Girasole has been described as a masterpiece of Italian Rationalism and Futurism architecture. In fact, the building can turn on itself with a revolving and circular rails system (as aeronautical engineering systems). With this movement, the building can follow the daily and seasonal orientation of the sun, improving the building’s energy performance. Moreover, the building adopted a futuristic cladding system (Alumàn), many insulating Italian materials (Eraclit), and important building systems like concrete framework (with Vierendeel beams) and steel frames. The construction and typological analysis of this masterpiece represent a necessary condition to improve the knowledge of the contemporary design process. In fact, from the heritage experience, the architects can design new building systems that follow the requirements of environmental sustainability and energy saving, with domotics systems and new building materials.
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