In this paper, we assess public attitudes on climate change in Europe over the last decade. Using aggregate …gures from the Special Eurobarometer surveys on Climate Change, we …nd that environmental concern is directly related to per capita income, social trust, secondary education, the physical distress associated with hot weather, media coverage, the share of young people in the total population, and monetary losses caused by extreme weather episodes. It is also inversely related to greenhouse gas emissions, relative power position of right-wing parties in government and tertiary education. Moreover, we …nd a signi…cant, opposite impact for two dummies for years 2017 and 2019, which we respectively associate with the e¤ects of Donald Trump's denial campaigns and the U.S. Paris Agreement withdrawal announcement, and Greta Thunberg's environmental activism.

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The paper explores the relationship between per capita income and three air pollutants, CO, NMVOCs, and SOx, using a novel dataset based on the 20 regions of Italy. Given the central role of technological progress in long-term environmental problems, we empirically investigate the influence of innovation on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The estimation results validate the existence of an EKC for the three air pollutants considered. Furthermore, the influence of innovation on the inverse-U-shaped curve identified by the theoretical literature is in general empirically confirmed. Finally, the same conclusions also hold when using another dataset related to the aggregate national economy rather than separate regions.