A quantitative analysis of the afferent innervation of the organ of Corti was made on normal and vestibular nerve-sectioned guinea pigs. Section of the vestibular nerve at the internal auditory meatus provided an efficient means of eliminating the efferent innervation to the cochlea without significant loss of afferent fibres. Nerve counts on normal and de-efferented animals revealed that about 10-15 % of the cochlear afferent innervation supplies the outer hair cells. The remaining 85-90% of afferent fibres innervate the inner hair cells. As in cats, all tunnel spiral bundle fibres and upper tunnel crossing fibres were efferent to outer hair cells. Since unmyelinated fibres in the osseous spiral bundle were not counted, quantitative analysis of the efferent innervation to inner hair cells could not be made. However, a significant loss of myelinated fibres in the osseous spiral lamina after vestibular nerve section confirms that many myelinated efferent fibres are present in this region.
This paper addresses one of the fundamental issues faced by offices in the transacting of withprofits business, namely the provision of equity-related performance along with maturity guarantees that increase over the lifetime of the policy. The approach commonly followed of using capital to cover the office's investment mismatch risk is considered from an individual policy viewpoint, and, through stochastic modelling, the degree of security represented by different reserve levels identified. An alternative approach using derivatives to provide similar levels of security is then presented and the range of policy proceeds resulting from the two methods compared. While it is recognised that the latter approach may have limited application in practice, the ideas presented could form the basis of a new approach to pricing guarantees under with-profits business that would be consistent with the pricing of current derivative-backed guaranteed products.
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