The study compared selected teacher beliefs and verbal behaviors among secondary science and mathematics teachers. Teacher beliefs included teacher responsibility for student success and failure. These beliefs were measured by the Responsibility for Student Achievement (RSA) Questionnaire which has the locus of control construct as a theoretical basis. Teacher verbal behavior included (1) indirect and (2) direct behaviors and (3) praise and (4) criticism. These behaviors were measured with the Reciprocal Category System (RCS) which is consistent with the methodology of interaction analysis. Comparisons were made on the basis of the following teacher classifications: ( 1) science/mathematics, (2) junior higNsenior high, and (3) teachers of advanced classes/basic classes. Teacher beliefs were not significantly different except for the advancedbasic comparisons. These comparisons produced significant differences in both teacher beliefs and behaviors. Teachers of basic students assumed more responsibility for student success, less responsibility for failure, and were more direct in verbal behavior. In gender comparisons, female teachers were significantly higher in incidences of indirect behavior and combined indirect-direct behavior. These findings suggest that further study of "self-fulfilling prophecy" in terms of these variables may be fruitful. Also, verbal behavior may sometimes be inadequately represented by the common practice of using ratios.
Members of the tachykinin family have trophic effects on developing neurons. The tachykinin neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) appears early in embryonic development; during the peak birthdates of hypothalamic neurons, but its involvement in neural development has not been examined. To address its possible role, immortalized embryonic hypothalamic neurons (CLU209) were treated with CellMask, a plasma membrane stain, or the membranes were imaged in CLU209 cells that were transfected with a pEGFP-NK3R expression vector. Non transfected cells and transfected cells were then treated with senktide, a NK3R agonist, or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) and time-lapse confocal images were captured for the following 30 min. Compared to DMEM, senktide treatment led to filopodia initiation from the soma of both non transfected and transfected CLU209 cells. These filopodia had diameters and lengths of approximately 200 nm and 3 μm, respectively. Pretreatment with an IP3 receptor blocker, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), prevented the senktide-induced growth in filopodia; demonstrating that NK3R-induced outgrowth of filopodia likely involves the release of intracellular calcium. Exposure of transfected CLU209 cells to senktide for 24 h led to further growth of filopodia and processes that extended 10–20 μm. A mathematical model, composed of a linear and population model was developed to account for the dynamics of filopodia growth during a timescale of minutes. The results suggest that the ligand-induced activation of NK3R affects early developmental processes by initiating filopodia formation that are a prerequisite for neuritogenesis.
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