This study investigated the views of Pakistani-American medical doctors regarding biological evolution. We used a mixed-methods approach, chiefly consisting of a short interview that presented evolution in the contexts of microbial, animal, and human evolution; evolution's acceptability or unacceptability to Muslims; and evolution's relevance to medicine. The participants were 23 doctors attending a convention in the United States. Fourteen participants accepted evolution, three rejected evolution, and six held other views. While a majority of participants indicated that they accepted evolution, a slightly smaller plurality accepted human evolution. A majority of participants, including some who did not wholly accept or reject evolution, thought that one could mutually accept evolution and also believe in Allah. Nearly every participant, including two who rejected evolution, thought that evolution was relevant to medicine. We find that participants assigned a plurality of meanings to the theory that depended on interactions between a participant's perception of religion, science, medicine, and a host of other cultural influences. This study is the first of a collection of studies carried out by the authors, who collected data with the same instrument in five other countries with significant populations of Muslim doctors and medical students.

48 children were surveyed varying in ages from 3–7 years as to their salivary IgA concentration, oral hygiene, caries experience, allergic history, and whether they were bottle fed or breast fed. Of these variables, findings indicate that both salivary IgA concentration and oral hygiene together influence the amount of dental caries in these children as demonstrated by a negative correlation.

The relationship between salivary immunoglobulins and dental caries experience was studied by determining the caries experience, IgA concentration, and IgG concentration in whole, unstimulated saliva of 106 people. The findings indicate that some individuals are immunized, but it is not clear if this antibody provides protection.

Fourteen children, from two to five years of age, were surveyed at two periods: the first on day zero before carious lesions were filled; and the second at six mo after filling carious lesions. The variables surveyed were salivary IgA specific for S. mutans, oral hygiene, caries experience (deft), age, and saliva flow rate. The findings indicate a three-fold increase in salivary IgA specific for S. mutans during the six-month period.

The saliva of 29 children ages 3 to 7 years was followed by indirect immunoflourescence to determine the antibody reacting with the 5 different serotypes of S mutans. Fluorescent antisera specific for alpha chain and gamma chain were used. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated a significant negative correlation between antibody of immunoglobin class (IgA) to S mutans type b and the decayed, extracted and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth.