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advertising, and printing experts exhibit keen interest in the problem of the relative legibility of various styles of type. In discussing the general problem of the influence of typographical factors on speed of reading with such experts, the writers have been impressed by the fact that attention is so frequently directed to the question of type faces with relative neglect of the problem of size, width of line, leading, etc. It would appear that competition between various families of type faces results in rival claims and counter claims. Absence of definite facts tends to perpetuate such a state of affairs. It is obvious that experiments on the relative legibility of type faces are needed in order to determine the merits of the claims advanced by partisan advocates. REVIEW OP LITERATUREIn view of the general importance of the problem it is surprising to find that only three major experiments * The writers are indebted to the following 1 for aid in conducting this study: Educational Test Bureau, Minneapolis, Minn., for permission to reprint the Chapman-Cook Speed of Reading Tests, Forms A and B, for experimental purposes; and the University of Minnesota Graduate School for research grant.

Biased technical change, scale economies, and factor substitution were part of U.S. manufacturing's technical response to factor price movements during the period 1850 to 1919. In this article we employ the cost dual of a Generalized Leontief production function to test directly for the presence of these three effects for nineteen two-digit manufacturing sectors. Biased technical change is found in all but one sector; scale economies in all but two; factor substitutability, in all but five. Estimates of scale and bias effects for labor, capital, and materials are presented by sector, and the results are compared with other recent work.