Based on "amelioration," "backlash," and routine activity/lifestyle theories, the present study tested the impacts of both absolute and relative gender equality on female homicide victimization. The present cross-national examination developed several regression models by employing female homicide victimization data from the World Health Organization for 124 countries. Women's absolute educational status and relative social status indices displayed significant relationships with female homicide victimization rates. However, significant associations of these two variables with female homicide victimization disappeared when important control variables-such as the gross domestic product, income inequality, and ethnic heterogeneitywere introduced in the regression models. Thus, the findings suggest that the relationship between gender equality and female homicide victimization is, at best, spurious.
The current study tests the stream analogy of lethal violence, proposed by Unnithan et al. on a large sample of 124 nations. Spatial econometric regression models confirm that economic development decreases homicide rate and increases suicide-homicide ratio (SHR). The SHR developed by Unnithan et al. accounts for the impact of economic development better than original measure of suicide rate. The most important finding of the current investigation is that the increase in the population size of the elderly, consequent to economic development, is partially responsible for elevated suicide rates and SHRs.
The current study assessed the relationship between national religious affiliation and lethal violence by simultaneously examining homicide and suicide rates. The information on homicide and suicide rates for 124 countries came from the World Health Organization (WHO). Regression results suggested no significant difference in lethal violence between predominantly Catholic and Protestant countries, although Islamic countries revealed significantly lower homicide, suicide, and overall lethal violence rates than non-Islamic countries. Countries with a high level of religious heterogeneity are subject to an increased suicide rate. The implications of these findings were discussed.
The present study tested the impact of religiosity and region on lethal violence in 83 countries by applying an integrated model. The regression results provided support for Durkheim’s proposition that religious passion might lead to a high homicide rate in a society. However, religiosity was significantly and negatively connected to the suicide rate, suggesting that religious secularization is related to an increased national suicide rate. Finally, the Latin American region exhibited an elevated homicide rate, while North Africa and the Middle East displayed low homicide and suicide rates.
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