Marginal‐cost analysis is critical to a conservation program because all management decisions affecting conservation require a comparison of costs and benefits. Increasing production within existing facilities requires that the revenues derived from the additional sales be compared with the higher operations costs. Also, a decision to expand capacity requires a comparison between expected revenues and the capital and operations costs of the new facilities. An approach is presented for the design of water rates that combines economic theory with the practical aspects of integrated resource planning. Marginal‐cost savings are compared with changes in discretionary use, resulting in the calculation of a conservation surcharge. This surcharge is a strong conservation price signal that is relatively easy to administer and that results in economic efficiency.
Salmon, an underground nuclear explosion in the Tatum salt dome in Southern Mississippi, was seismically recorded throughout North America and at some overseas stations. Data are presented from 143 seismograph stations recording signals from the Salmon event. Travel times at smaller distances generally confirm the high upper mantle velocities indicated by Gnome as recorded in the eastern United States. Travel times for the area east of the Rocky Mountain front may generally be represented by the equation t = Δ/8.3 + 8 seconds (Δ in kilometers); however, additional detail is shown indicating apparent velocities of up to 8.7 km/sec. In the 10° to 20° distance range multiple arrivals are apparent, and beginning near 16° late initial arrivals are observed which correspond to Jeffreys‐Bullen travel time. Amplitudes were generally higher than expected for regional and for teleseismic distances but lower in the 13° to 22° range in the western United States. A revision to procedures for determining magnitudes is shown to be necessary.
This article collates the history of system development fee legislation in 25 different jurisdictions.
With increasing frequency, public water supply systems are having to investigate alternative funding sources to raise the capital needed for expansion. System development charges have surfaced as the financing mechanism of choice in municipal settings across the country. Legislation regulating such capital charges has been adopted in a surprising number of states in recent years. The author surveyed AWWA sections and conducted research to document recent legislative action in the United States to assess the variety and nature of state legislation regulating system development charges. The findings paint a vivid picture of a current trend prevalent in the United States. If continued, the trend does little to move us any closer to standardizing the procedures and ground rules for others to consider in implementing system development charges.
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