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As cattle movement data in the United States are scarce due to the absence of mandatory traceability programs, previous epidemic models for U.S. cattle production systems heavily rely on contact rates estimated based on expert opinions and survey data. These models are often based on static networks and ignore the sequence of movement, possibly overestimating the epidemic sizes. In this research, we adapt and employ an agent-based model that simulates beef cattle production and transportation in southwest Kansas to analyze the between-premises transmission of a highly contagious disease, foot-and-mouth disease. First, we assess the impact of truck contamination on the disease transmission with the truck agent following an independent clean-infected-clean cycle. Second, we add an information-sharing functionality such that producers/packers can trace back and forward their trade records to inform their trade partners during outbreaks. Scenario analysis results show that including indirect contact routes between premises via truck movements can significantly increase the amplitude of disease spread, compared with equivalent scenarios that only consider animal movement. Mitigation strategies informed by information sharing can effectively mitigate epidemics, highlighting the benefit of promoting information sharing in the cattle industry. In addition, we identify salient characteristics that must be considered when designing an information-sharing strategy, including the number of days to trace back and forward in the trade records and the role of different cattle supply chain stakeholders. Sensitivity analysis results show that epidemic sizes are sensitive to variations in parameters of the contamination period for a truck or a loading/unloading area of premises, and indirect contact transmission probability and future studies can focus on a more accurate estimation of these parameters.

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In this paper, a maximum power tracking technique is presented for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines. The presented technique is a novel version of the conventional method, i.e. the electrical torque is proportional to the square of the rotor speed, in which the proportional-coefficient is adaptively adjusted in real-time through three control laws. The first control law calculates the desired electrical torque using feedback linearization, assuming that the power capture coefficient and the desired rotor speed are instantaneously identified. The second control law estimates realtime values of the power capture coefficient from a Lyapunovbased analysis, and the third control law provides the desired rotor speed. These control laws cause the turbine to adaptively adjust the rotor speed towards a desired speed in which the operating point moves in the direction of increasing the power capture coefficient. The proposed maximum power tracking method differs distinctly from the perturb-and-observe scheme by eliminating a need for adding a dither or perturbation signal, and robustly tracks the trajectory of maximum power points even in the event of a sudden wind speed change that can cause the perturb-and-observe technique to fail. In this paper, the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine model is used to demonstrate the validity and robustness of the proposed method.

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The conditions given in (I I) are therefore satisfied, and we conclude that the estimates of azimuth and elevation angles made with this two-ring array are uncoupled. It follows that an array consisting of several ring pairs, where each pair in (12) can have distinct values of Z and R, also has the property that the angle estimates are uncoupled. Cylindrical arrays and spherical arrays are examples of such arrays.

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