ABSTRACT. During 2000During -2016 entries from 29 plant species from different crop groups (cereals, legumes, industrial crops, perennial grasses, vegetables, cucurbits, aromatic and medicinal plants) from core collection of the Suceava Genebank were evaluated from phytosanitary status point of view, before the storing. The seeds testing to the micromycetes incidence in the laboratory by incubating of them on blotting paper substrate and agar medium was performed. Fungal saprophytes from genus as: Alternaria spp., Stemphylium spp., Cladosporium sp., Rhyzopus sp., Epicocum sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. occurred frequently in seeds samples of the tested crops. Also, 12 fungal parasite were isolated: Sclerospora sp., Diplodia sp., Nigrospora sp. on maize; Drechslera spp. on wheat, barley, rye and flax; Septoria sp. on barley; Fusarium spp. on maize, barley, rye, millet, bean, pea, flax, hemp, peppers, cucumbers; Colletotrichum spp. on maize, bean and faba bean; Sclerotinia sp., Isariopsis sp. and Rhyzoctonia sp. on bean; Verticillium sp. on peppers and okra, Ascochyta sp. on pea. The obtained results were expressed as percentage of the number of fungal isolated from tested samples species, highlighting the existing microflora and need to seed health testing with major importance in maintaing of high quality germplasm avoiding the pathogens preservation and dissemination.
The analysis of oat genetic resources on the mycotoxin production was performed on genotypes grown by experimental field testing with artificial inoculation of Fusarium spp., within the European project "Avena genetic resources for quality in human consumption" (AVEQ, 2007-2011). The testing of the genetic material was performed in three European countries (Romania, Czech Republic, Germany) by artificial infection with inoculum of Fusarium species: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. sporotichioides, F. langesethiae and F. avenaceum. In 2008, in the experimental field of the Suceava Gene Bank, 112 genotypes of oats (modern and obsolete cultivars) originating from different areas of Europe were inoculated, causing Fusarium spp. infection and the presence of DON and T2 mycotoxins. The infection of oat grains with Fusarium spp. was evaluated in the laboratory using three classes of infection: 1- sound, 2- suspiciously infected, grey tips, 3 - Fusarium damaged, discoloured, smaller kernels. Analysis of the mycotoxin content of the tested grains oat accessions was performed by the ELISA immunochemical method in the Agrotest Fyto Laboratory, Ltd., Kromeriz (Czech Republic). The quantification of the obtained results was made by determining the correlation coefficients between the mycotoxin content and the percentage of grains infected with the Fusarium spp. and different agronomic characters, revealing significant correlations between Fusarium spp. infection, concentration of DON and T2 mycotoxins, the seed weight, heading and ripening data of tested oat genotypes.
The evaluation of morphological differences is a traditional method of evolutionary and pedigree relationship determination. It was particularly useful in maize, where phenotypic differences occur (e.g. colour, kernel type and kernel size) (Murariu et al., 2002). However, only molecular markers provide information that is independent of environmental influences or of plant development phase. Therefore, techniques of DNA analysis have become more and more important. Methods based on polymerase chain reaction - PCR - are used widely in research. One of the used methods is the RAPD method (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) (Beebe et al., 2000). Our aim was to determine the genetic variability existing among maize landraces coming from western part of Romania and to adapt a method for their distinguishing. The use of molecular characterization has allowed the study of diversity within these accessions and the investigation of genetic relationships among them, revealing a wide genetic diversity in this set of 60 accessions, having a highest genetic diversity; they belong to different groups and could be used as base populations for future breeding programs.
The pathogenic fungi Fusarium spp. cause yield losses and presence of mycotoxins in grains of many cereals, with potential risk to human health. Relatively less visible infections are found in oats, but even so high levels of T2 and HT2 mycotoxins were reported. The present study reports results on the variability of genetic resistance of modern cultivars and wild oats by artificial inoculation with different Fusarium species and on the role of morphological characters in the manifestation of infection. Artificial inoculation with Fusarium spp. revealed a high variability of attack intensity between the studied Avena accessions. Infection on grains showed a leptokurtic distribution of the values, the probability of existence of resistance sources being in the cultivars of both classes of infections with a large interval of data dispersion towards the end of the variation curve. Among the evaluated agronomic characters, there were significantly negative correlations between Fusariun infection on panicles and kernels and days to maturity, and positive significant correlation between Fusarium infection on panicle and 1000 kernel weight, these traits having an important role in the manifestation on panicle and grain infection. Infestation with Fusarium fungus manifested differently on panicles and grains, genotypes with high 1000 kernel weight showing a higher degree of attack. Both panicle and grain infection levels were smaller in accessions with a longer vegetation period.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic variability of Vicia faba germplasm by using varietal diversity in identifying genotypes with morpho-productive traits, disease and pest resistance, weed infestation, which can be used as a model in the development of genetic mixtures in integrated management practices for environmentally friendly, diseases, pests and weeds. Productivity, disease and pest descriptors at 50 Vicia faba genotypes of different biological status (10 obsolete cultivars, 30 local populations, 10 inbreed lines), were determined, by testing in intercropping experiments with small grain cereals and mono-cropping, in two different climatic years under the northeastern part of Romania conditions. The statistical estimators resulting from the unidirectional Anova analysis determined in mono-cropping and intercropping systems a hierarchy of heterogeneity of local populations for productivity traits and degree of attack of faba bean weevil (Bruchus rufimanus) and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae) on seeds, for incidence of micromycete Uromyces viciae fabae and of aphids Aphys fabae in intercropping system. There was a weak competition of Vicia faba species, regarding the presence of weeds compared to small grains cereals variants and potentially beneficial for nitrogen symbiotic fixation by increasing oat productivity, in two years of intercropping with faba bean. By using Euclidean distance and Pearson correlation, in classification of genotypes and morpho-productive traits, diseases and pest in clusters from dendograms, similarities were highlighted between productivity and its components and between attacks to diseases and pests and dissimilarities between genotypes, members cluster three with phenotypic variability with maximum values of productivity traits and minimum attacks to disease and pest resistance compared to the other two clusters with possibilities for use in the development of genetic mixtures programs.
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