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The risk of suicide was shown to be lower in the first generation and higher in the second generation compared with natives. The higher HR in the Nordic second generation was not explained by differences in sociodemographics, labour market marginalisation and morbidity. Further research is warranted to investigate factors underlying this excess risk.

Purpose Labour market marginalisation (LMM), i.e. long-term unemployment (LTU), long-term sickness absence (LTSA) and disability pension (DP), among young individuals with common mental disorders (CMDs) are a challenge for the welfare system, and refugees and non-refugee migrants seem particularly vulnerable. The aim was to investigate the risk of LMM in young adults with CMDs among refugees and non-refugee migrants compared to Swedish-born individuals and the role of country of birth, duration of residence and age at arrival. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted including young adults (19–30 years) with inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare due to CMDs and/or antidepressant prescriptions during 2009 (N = 69,515). Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals for the risk of LMM during 2010–2013. Results Both refugees and non-refugee migrants had a higher risk of LTU compared to Swedish-born individuals (HR refugees: Africa: 2.4; Asia: 2.2; Europe outside EU25: 1.6; South America: 1.4) with highest estimates in refugees from Afghanistan and Syria. Refugees from Africa and Asia had a lower risk of LTSA compared to Swedish-born individuals (HR: 0.6 and 0.7, respectively), particularly refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq. Especially among refugees, a longer duration of residence and a younger age at arrival were associated with a lower risk of LTU. Conclusions The risk of LTU among refugees and non-refugee migrants was higher and the risk of LTSA was lower, compared to Swedish-born individuals. Duration of residence and age at arrival had an influence on the risk of LTU, particularly among refugees.

AIM A randomised field trial was conducted to evaluate a school-based programme to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents. SUBJECT AND METHODS Five hundred and thirty-four children and three hundred and eight adolescents were randomly select to receive or not receive the prevention programme. The prevention programme included: a) health facts and the effect of smoking; b) analysis of the mechanisms to start smoking; c) refusal skills training to deal with the social pressures to smoke. A questionnaire was administered before the intervention programme and two years later. RESULTS The prevalence rates of smoking in both group of children and adolescents resulted to be increased at the end of the study. Anyway, the difference of smoking prevalence between intervention and control group was statistically significant only for children group (from 18.3% to 18.8% for the intervention group, and from 17.8 % to 26.9% in the control group) (p = 0.035). As regards reasons that induced to start smoking, there was a significant increase of the issue "Because smokers are fool" (p = 0.004 for children; p < 0.001 for adolescents) and "Because smokers are irresponsible" (p ≤ 0.001 for both children and adolescents) in the experimental groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a school-based intervention programme on children and adolescent tobacco use, based on the development of cognitive and behavioural aspects, can be effective. After one year of intervention, smoking prevalence was significantly lower in children belonging to intervention group than in children not randomised to intervention. Targeting young children before they begin to smoke can be a successful way of prevention. AbstractAIM A randomised field trial was conducted to evaluate a school-based programme to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents.SUBJECT AND METHODS Five hundred and thirty-four children and three hundred and eight adolescents were randomly select to receive or not receive the prevention programme. The prevention programme included: a) health facts and the effect of smoking; b) analysis of the mechanisms to start smoking; c) refusal skills training to deal with the social pressures to smoke. A questionnaire was administered before the intervention programme and two years later. RESULTSThe prevalence rates of smoking in both group of children and adolescents resulted to be increased at the end of the study. Anyway, the difference of smoking prevalence between intervention and control group was statistically significant only for children group (from 18.3% to 18.8% for the intervention group, and from 17.8 % to 26.9% in the control group) (p = 0.035). As regards reasons that induced to start smoking, there was a significant increase of the issue "Because smokers are fool" (p = 0.004 for children; p < 0.001 for adolescents) and "Because smokers are irresponsible" (p ≤ 0.001 for both children and adolescents) in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that a school-based intervention programme on children...

BackgroundThe increasing popularity of commercial movies showing three dimensional (3D) computer generated images has raised concern about image safety and possible side effects on population health.This study aims to (1) quantify the occurrence of visually induced symptoms suffered by the spectators during and after viewing a commercial 3D movie and (2) to assess individual and environmental factors associated to those symptoms.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out using a paper based, self administered questionnaire. The questionnaire includes individual and movie characteristics and selected visually induced symptoms (tired eyes, double vision, headache, dizziness, nausea and palpitations). Symptoms were queried at 3 different times: during, right after and after 2 hours from the movie.ResultsWe collected 953 questionnaires. In our sample, 539 (60.4%) individuals reported 1 or more symptoms during the movie, 392 (43.2%) right after and 139 (15.3%) at 2 hours from the movie. The most frequently reported symptoms were tired eyes (during the movie by 34.8%, right after by 24.0%, after 2 hours by 5.7% of individuals) and headache (during the movie by 13.7%, right after by 16.8%, after 2 hours by 8.3% of individuals). Individual history for frequent headache was associated with tired eyes (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.01-1.79), double vision (OR = 1.96; 95%CI = 1.13-3.41), headache (OR = 2.09; 95%CI = 1.41-3.10) during the movie and of headache after the movie (OR = 1.64; 95%CI = 1.16-2.32). Individual susceptibility to car sickness, dizziness, anxiety level, movie show time, animation 3D movie were also associated to several other symptoms.ConclusionsThe high occurrence of visually induced symptoms resulting from this survey suggests the need of raising public awareness on possible discomfort that susceptible individuals may suffer during and after the vision of 3D movies.

Background The aims were to elucidate if trajectories of labour market marginalization (LMM), measured as sickness absence (SA)/disability pension (DP) or unemployment, differed between young immigrants and natives before and after an incident diagnosis of a common mental disorder (CMD), and to investigate if educational level, psychiatric comorbidity and duration of residence in Sweden (in immigrants) had different associations with subsequent LMM in natives compared with immigrants. Methods A total of 28 971 young adults (19–30 years), with an incident CMD (inpatient or specialized outpatient healthcare due to CMDs or dispensed prescribed antidepressants during 2007) were included. Group-based trajectory models were utilized to identify trajectories of annual months of LMM 3 years before and 6 years after the diagnosis. The associations of risk factors with different trajectories were investigated by multinomial logistic regression, χ2-test and Nagelkerke R2 to measure the associations’ strength. Immigrants were categorized into Western and non-Western immigrants. Results Young natives and immigrants showed similar trajectories of SA/DP. A higher proportion of non-Western immigrants (20.5%) followed trajectories of high levels of unemployment (&gt;2 annual months) compared with Western immigrants (15%) and natives (16.5%). Educational level and duration of residence in Sweden (in immigrants) discriminated trajectories of both SA/DP and unemployment, whereas psychiatric comorbidity only discriminated trajectories of SA/DP. Conclusions Differences in trajectories of unemployment between young natives and immigrants with an incident CMD were found. Educational level and psychiatric comorbidity provided information on differences between natives and immigrants and duration of residence gave information for subgroups of immigrants.

A survey on attitudes and behaviours towards preventive measures against pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 was carried out during the month of October 2009 in Italy through an online questionnaire adapted to the Italian situation from a similar survey of the Harvard School of Public Health in the United States (US). Results show that the intention to get vaccinated against pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 is generally low and that there are differences in attitudes and behaviours towards preventive measures against pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 between physicians and nurses, especially concerning vaccination. Differences relate also to sex, region of residence and marital status.

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