No abstract

No abstract

1. The effects of osmotic or electrical stimulation of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) were examined during intracellular recordings (32°C) obtained from ninety-five supraoptic nucleus magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in superfused explants of rat hypothalamus. 2. Brief (10-20 s) applications of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions to the area of the OVLT caused prolonged (> 1 min) increases and decreases, respectively, in electrical activity in seventy of seventy-four trials performed on neurones with membrane potentials near spike threshold (~-55 mV). Changes in firing frequency were related to changes in external osmolality in a dose-dependent manner between 275 and 355 mosmol kg-'.3. When 30 s periods recorded immediately before, and 30 s following, the application of an osmotic stimulus were examined, the frequency of spontaneous EPSPs (sEPSPs) was related in a dose-dependent manner to the osmolality of the solution superfusing the OVLT region. The increased EPSP frequency was maintained and did not adapt if the osmolality of the medium was raised for periods of > 10 min. In contrast, the frequency of spontaneous IPSPs (sIPSPs) was virtually unaffected by changes in external osmotic pressure. 4. Osmotically evoked changes in MNC firing were strongly correlated with accompanying changes in the frequency of sEPSPs (slope, 0 9; correlation coefficient (r) = 0 7), but not sIPSPs (r = 0 2), suggesting that changes in firing rate following osmotic stimulation of the OVLT are selectively mediated by changes in synaptic excitation.5. In the presence of bicuculline (5-10 /M), electrical stimulation of the OVLT evoked fast EPSPs in forty-seven of forty-eight MNCs tested. These responses were reversibly reduced by application of 20-40 /M kynurenic acid (n = 3) or 20-40 uM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; n = 11). Similarly, bath application of CNQX (n = 3) or kynurenic acid (n = 4) reversibly abolished the excitatory response of supraoptic neurones following hypertonic stimulation of the OVLT. 6. Brief (10-15 s) applications of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) over the OVLT reversibly abolished increases in sEPSP frequency and action potential firing rate evoked by hyperosmotic stimulation of the OVLT. In the presence of GABA, the rates of sEPSP and sIPSP frequency were reduced to 37 + 10 and 44 + 13% (means + S.E.M.), respectively, of those observed under isotonic conditions (295 mosmol kg-1). 7. These results suggest that inhibitory and excitatory pathways originating from neurones located within the OVLT are tonically active under resting osmotic conditions in rat hypothalamic explants. Osmotically evoked changes in MNC firing, however, are selectively mediated through increases or decreases in the intensity of the excitatory component of OVLT-derived inputs.

This study evaluates different methods to determine points of zero charge (PZCs) on five organic materials, namely maple sawdust, wood ash, peat moss, compost, and brown algae, used for the passive treatment of contaminated neutral drainage effluents. The PZC provides important information about metal sorption mechanisms. Three methods were used: (1) the salt addition method, measuring the PZC; (2) the zeta potential method, measuring the isoelectric point (IEP); (3) the ion adsorption method, measuring the point of zero net charge (PZNC). Natural kaolinite and synthetic goethite were also tested with both the salt addition and the ion adsorption methods in order to validate experimental protocols. Results obtained from the salt addition method in 0.05 M NaNO were the following: 4.72 ± 0.06 (maple sawdust), 9.50 ± 0.07 (wood ash), 3.42 ± 0.03 (peat moss), 7.68 ± 0.01 (green compost), and 6.06 ± 0.11 (brown algae). Both the ion adsorption and the zeta potential methods failed to give points of zero charge for these substrates. The PZC of kaolinite (3.01 ± 0.03) was similar to the PZNC (2.9-3.4) and fell within the range of values reported in the literature (2.7-4.1). As for the goethite, the PZC (10.9 ± 0.05) was slightly higher than the PZNC (9.0-9.4). The salt addition method has been found appropriate and convenient to determine the PZC of natural organic substrates.