Liquid biopsy is the process of sampling and analyzing body fluids, which enables non-invasive monitoring of complex biological systems in vivo. Liquid biopsy has myriad applications in health and disease as a wide variety of components, ranging from circulating cells to cell-free nucleic acid molecules, can be analyzed. Here, we review different components of liquid biopsy, survey state-of-the-art, non-invasive methods for detecting those components, demonstrate their clinical applications and discuss ethical considerations. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of artificial intelligence in analyzing liquid biopsy data with the aim of developing ethically-responsible non-invasive technologies that can enhance individualized healthcare. While previous reviews have mainly focused on cancer, this review primarily highlights applications of liquid biopsy in reproductive medicine.
the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the MUMC+. 3D power Doppler images were obtained using a 4-8 MHz Voluson E8 (GE Medical Systems, Europe) abdominal transducer between 24-42 weeks of gestation. Vascularisation Index (VI), Flow Index (FI) and Vascularisation-Flow Index (VFI) were calculated with a novel sonobiopsy method in central and peripheral parts of the placenta. Differences between healthy and PS-pregnancies were tested using independent t-test and Mann-whitney U test. Results: VI and VFI were significantly lower in PS-pregnancies compared to healthy pregnancies (VI: 16.98 ± 14.90 vs. 30.03 ± 22.92, p = 0.001 and VFI: 4.31 ± 2.76 vs. 7.83 ± 4.88, p < 0.001). However, FI did not differ significantly between both groups (p = 0.796). The area under the ROC curve discriminating between healthy and PS-pregnancies was 0.74 and 0.78 for VI and VFI, respectively. Furthermore, we found significant differences in VI and VFI between healthy and PS-pregnancies in both central (VI: 30.95 ± 25.61 vs. 20.32 ± 19.67, p=0.009 and VFI: 11.97 ± 4.46 vs. 9.69 ± 3.40, p=0.042) and peripheral (VI: 25.61 ± 18.61 vs. 16.46 ± 13.97, p= 0.018 and VFI: 11.97 ± 4.46 vs. 9.54 ± 3.06, p=0.045) biopsies. Conclusions: VI and VFI are significantly reduced in PS-pregnancies compared to healthy pregnancies, reflecting pathological process underlying placental insufficiency. These results provide promising possibilities for further placental perfusion ultrasound evaluations in PS-pregnancies.
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