Research background: Enterprises are an important element of the economy, which explains that the analysis of their duration on the market is an important and willingly undertaken research topic. In the case of complex problems like this, considering only one type of event, which ends the duration, is often insufficient for full understanding.Purpose: In this paper there is an analysis of the duration of enterprises on the market, taking into account various reasons for the termination of their business activity as well as their characteristics.Research methodology: A survival analysis can be used to study duration on the market. However, the possibility of considering the waiting time for only one type of event is its important limitation. One solution is to use competing risks. Various competing risks models (naive Kaplan-Meier estimator, subdistribution model, subhazard and cause-specific hazard) are presented and compared with an indication of their advantages and weakness.Results: The competing risks models are estimated to investigate the impact of the causes of an enterprises liquidation on duration distribution. The greatest risk concerns enterprises with a natural person as the owner (regardless of the reason of failure). For each of the competing risks, it is also indicated that there is a section of activity which adversely affects the ability of firms to survive on the market.Novelty: A valuable result is considering the reasons for activity termination in the duration analysis for enterprises from the Mazowieckie Voivodeship.
The aim of this research is to decompose the gender pay gap in Poland along its distribution, based on the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in 2014. The possibility of estimating conditional cumulative distribution function using a flexible hazards models with independent variables was applied in the analysis. The used method allowed to explain the structure of income inequalities between men and women and to infer the influence of individual person's characteristics on the observed differences. It was recognised that the increase in gender inequalities was accompanied by the income growth. The size and share of the unexplained by the model part grew with the amount of income, while the elucidated one was characterised by negative values. It proves that women share characteristics that are more preferred by employers.
In this paper, we compare the income distributions for women and men in Poland. The gender wage gap can only be partially explained by different men's and women's characteristics. The unexplained part of the gap is usually attributed to the wage discrimination. The objective of the study is to extend the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure for the pay gap along the whole income distribution. To describe differences between two distributions of incomes we use a semiparametric reweighting approach (DiNardo, Fortin, Lemieux, 1996). The reweighting factor is computed for each observation by estimating a logit model for probabilities of belonging to men's or women's group. Then, we estimate probability density functions, including the counterfactual density function, using kernel density methods. This allows us to decompose the inequalities into the explained and unexplained components. The analysis is based on the EU-SILC data for Poland in 2014.
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