The work presents the essence of problems appearing in the ICT security management process in the context of systems characterized by significant dynamics of configuration and heterogeneity of resources both in the hardware and software layer. Basic differences in security management in systems with traditional centralized and monolithic architecture as well as in systems with service-oriented architecture have been presented. A layered reference model for service-oriented systems taking account of the basic goals of ICT security for dynamic information systems has been discussed. The basic assumptions of the multi-agent ICT security analysis system in service-oriented systems as well as the results of the safety analysis, including the correlation between events observed in low and high layers of the reference model have been discussed.
The purpose of the article is to define the risk factors in rail transport and to show that the lack of sufficient identification of risks in individual phases affects the implementation of this type of transport. A literature study has been conducted to identify key risk factors and their impact on rail transport in Poland. For this purpose, a list of railway accidents in 2010–2020 in which people were injured, or there were significant losses in terms of the environment was presented. The realization of the objective focused on research proceedings covering the theoretical and cognitive sphere. This study included an analysis of the existing theoretical heritage in the area of risk management processes in rail transport, as well as a survey of the empirical research, which concentrated on the identification and assessment of key factors that influence the realization of rail transport in Poland. The work is of a utilitarian nature, as the need for conscious risk management has been demonstrated in rail transport, and guidelines for risk management in rail transport have been developed. In addition, the paper presents the possibilities offered by modeling a problem situation with the help of network thinking methodology for solving complex problems, including supporting creativity on the example of railroad transport in Poland. To define problem situations in the studied area, a complex process of a multifaceted approach to the analyzed issue is required. When assessing the effectiveness of risk management in rail transport, one should take into account the adverse factors influencing the studied phenomenon. The main sources used to write this article were the available literature in the field of emergency management and publications on railroad transport. The conclusions have been based on the results of logical analysis, verified empirically with the use of statistical methods.
Road construction projects are characterized by multitasking and the influence of the correct implementation of one task on another. In the subject literature, we can encounter the analysis of risk factors throughout the project, and yet, we rarely find the distinction and characteristics of the impact of risk factors resulting from the implementation of planning and measurement tasks, the correctness and timeliness that have a huge impact on the performance of subsequent tasks, and the success of the project. Additionally, attention should be paid on the distinction between design work and the implementation of construction. During the implementation of construction works, we are more capable of detecting errors faster at the initial stage than at the stage of performing measurements, which suggests the need to focus on minimizing the occurrence of risk factors at the initial stage. Therefore, two questions have been asked. How to quantify the risk factors of geodetic works in road construction projects? How to allocate quantified risk factors of geodetic works in the schedule? The following article presents the description and the example of the practical use of the risk assessment procedure of geodetic works and risk allocation in the schedule based on the MORAG method (Method of Risk Analysis for Geodesy), which is the original method of risk analysis of geodetic works in road construction projects. As a result of these works, the risk values for the i-th risk factor and i-th geodetic task were determined, considering the increase in the duration of the work, the increase in the costs of the work, and all evaluation criteria. Then, the extension was described and calculated based on the data obtained from the actual implementation of the road construction project, the value, which in this case is 11.05 days, was entered into the modified schedule. The results of this study may help to better understand the scale of the impact of the correctness of the implementation of geodesy tasks on the implementation of construction tasks. Additionally, they may serve to increase the awareness of the scale of consequences of incorrectly performed measurement tasks (demolition is necessary) and greater attention on the cooperation between the entities implementing these activities.
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