Adobe is the predominant housing material in rural El Salvador, due mostly to economic advantages and ease of construction. The high seismicity of El Salvador has repeatedly exposed the vulnerability of traditional adobe housing to the forces of earthquakes, as spectacularly demonstrated in the severe earthquakes of 2001. This paper presents the features of traditional adobe housing in El Salvador, including construction techniques and distribution, followed by a discussion of the performance of adobe buildings in recent earthquakes in El Salvador. The impact of the 2001 earthquakes is demonstrated by statistical data, which also reveal the severe housing defi cit in El Salvador. Common damage patterns evident in earthquake-affected adobe buildings are detailed, with emphasis on the failure mechanisms and exacerbation features. These aspects are then linked to a presentation of improved seismic design and construction techniques; seismic retrofi tting and damage repair systems for adobe structures are also considered. Finally, the obstacles to reducing damage to adobe houses are presented, and some key recommendations for adobe strengthening in El Salvador are discussed, which involve both social and technical solutions.
In its journey from well to beneficial use, CSG-produced water passes through multiple systems and processes. Understanding and managing these inter- and intra-system interfaces is vital to a successful outcome for capital and operating costs, water quality, brine management, and overall asset integrity. This extended abstract discusses a number of case studies and outcomes as described below.
Optimising the gathering system—wells and trunk lines
Whole lifecycle-downhole pressure operating costs (OPEX) versus gathering line size capital costs (CAPEX)
Pipe size standardisation: trunk line OPEX versus trunk line size/cost; pressure versus materials
Reliability and availability—node-to-node system analysis, influence, and conjunctive use
Optimum network architecture and water treatment facility (WTF) location
WTFs and water storages—protecting the core
What’s in the water—water blending, pipeline corrosion management, and well/drilling products
Reliability and maintenance: bigger WTF and water storages versus spares strategy and reliability management
Manage inter plant streams—recovery costs less that waste management
Treated water end use and brine management—a product people want
Know your end user—getting it right early is a win for everyone
Guidelines, regulation, and best practice—a potentially volatile mix?
Optimising the number and location of WTFs based on end use—value versus risk
Brine—commodity versus waste management; an understanding of the product, market, and risks is vital
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