This study profiles new Mainland Chinese entrepreneurs and their enterprises as well as explores the cultural and family forces shaping small‐ and medium‐size enterprise development. The study uncovers entrepreneurial motives, demographic attributes, and the type of businesses being established. Family and enterprise relationships relating to financial investment and employment are also presented. The majority of enterprises were found to be closely held small businesses focused on the retail and technology sectors. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs are motivated by the need for independent‐based achievement and continuous learning around a family focus. Family played an active role in enterprise formation and development in China. Entrepreneurs were found to rely on family members both to establish and develop their enterprises. The majority of the entrepreneurs surveyed employed at least one family member on a full‐time basis. Entrepreneurs were also found to use family finances as the primary source of start‐up capital.

The intensity of small-business owners and the environmental difficulties they encountered were investigated as predictors of growth intentions in Turkey. Data were collected from 526 small businesses in 14 major cities using the Entrepreneurial Profile Questionnaire. Factor analysis showed environmental difficulties and growth intentions to be multifactor constructs, while intensity emerged as a single factor. A canonical correlation analysis found owner intensity to be significantly related to the three growth plan factors of technology improvement, resource aggregation, and market expansion. Among the difficulty factors, only lack of know-how and financing problems showed a significant relation to growth plans. Financing difficulties hindered technological improvement and resource aggregation, while know-how negatively affected market expansion. Other difficulty factors such as entry barriers, family-business role conflict, and ethnic prejudice were not among the predictors of growth plans. The article draws out the implications of these findings for government policy and for future research.

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