a b s t r a c tCorn (Zea mays) cob, an agricultural biomass residue, was carbonized by chemical activation with H 2 SO 4 and examined for its suitability as a low-cost adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solution. Carbonized corn cob (CCC) was characterized by a CHNS-O analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and point-of-zero charge (pH pzc ) analysis. Batch mode adsorption studies were conducted by varying operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage (0.02-0.20 g), solution pH (3-10), initial MB concentrations (50-300 mg/L), and contact time (0-360 min). The equilibrium data were well correlated by the Freundlich isotherm compared with Langmuir and Temkin models. The maximum adsorption capacity (q max ) of CCC for MB adsorption at equilibrium was 216.6 mg/g at 303 K. The kinetic uptake profiles were well-described by the nonlinear pseudo-first-order model. The thermodynamic adsorption parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard entropy (ΔS°), and standard free energy (ΔG°) showed that the adsorption of MB onto CCC surface is endothermic in nature and spontaneous under the experimental conditions. The above-mentioned results indicate that the CCC can be feasibly employed for the removal of MB from aqueous solution.
Riparian zone is a transit zone between Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. It is an integral part which plays an important role in the present study. Riparian zone assessment was carried out in the reach of river Narmada from Umardha to Joga village to assess its condition. The status of riparian zone assessment was carried out in the central zone of River Narmada and this reach of river is located from Umardha village (Junction of Dudhi with Narmada) to Joga village (Backwater of Indra sagar reservoir). The riparian zone of any river is an integral part from the ecological point of view and keeping this in mind survey of riparian zone for this reach was done. During the survey of riparian zone QBR index was used to assess its condition. According to the values which was given in QBR index for each parameter of sampling station it was observed that riparian zone of the above said river stretch is in very poor condition with extreme or moderate degradation. Very few locations were found under fair or good condition with minimum or least degradation. Human activities such as construction, sand mining, soil mining, and conversion of forest land for agriculture (deforestation) are noticed under the stretch of river which are being damaged the riparian area. Sand mining the major activity in this area was observed on the largest scale. Livelihood dependence is more responsible for vanishing riparian zone condition on the river banks which are posing adverse impact on the riverine ecosystem.
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