This paper content is structure subjected sudden story drift as a result from earthquakes, forming hinges and eventually collapsing. The aim of this paper is to develop building thirty story building for seismic in Khartoum using finite element method (FEM) and the equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure of American code ASCE 7-16. In current work the thirty-story reinforced concrete building was considered is to analyze the seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete structure to find the drift between the story by finding the maximum displacement from the program that causes the building to collapse, by choosing the shear wall as the support system to resist the lateral load and by looking to model the building inclined to the horizontal plane. Calculations were also made on the drift between the story to compare with the allowable drift. It is implemented in the Robot structural program - an ingenious program for designing and analyzing lateral (seismic) loads.

The article provides an overview of the historical and contemporary developments in estimating ice loads on marine structures. It first underscores the significance of accurate ice load calculations for the safety and reliability of structures, and subsequently traces the evolution of ice load estimation techniques from past standards to current international standards and guidelines. The article then delves into the limitations of traditional methods for ice load estimation, which rely heavily on empirical data, before discussing the innovative and more precise discrete element method (DEM) for ice load estimation. The article outlines the benefits of using DEM over traditional methods and explores the diverse software options available for modelling ice loads on marine structures, including commercial and open-source alternatives. The article emphasizes the importance of staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in technology and techniques for ice load estimation, highlighting the crucial role that precise and reliable ice load estimation plays in ensuring the safety and dependability of marine structures in extreme environments. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive summary of the evolution of ice load estimation techniques for marine structures, from past norms to the contemporary use of DEM and advanced software packages. It underlines the necessity of continuous research to ensure that marine structures are constructed with the highest safety levels.

Ice loads is one of the most important parameters which should be taken into consideration for arctic structures. Ice load highly depends on the ice thickness. It is always recommended to consider the ice thickness data from field observations. However if data is not available it is necessary to calculate the thicknesses of ice level. Calculation is also important for the areas where the thermal fluxes through structure should be taken into the consideration. In this work numerical simulation of Stefan problem for determining of ice level thickness is presented. The results show good correlation between empirical, experimental data and the results from finite element simulation of Stefan problem.

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