The analysis of the historical process of the formation of the global environmental policy of the modern states of the world in the context of the development of a multi-level environmental system is carried out. The main influence of the first International Environmental Conference in Bern 1914 on the organisation of interstate environmental authorities, the creation of the United Nations for approval of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration of 1992, which formed the modern classification of objects of environmental law, forms international eco-cooperation, ranking system of environmental policy. The thesis of the need for mutual coordination of all the participants in a multi-level environmental process, the inability of modern environmental authorities to effectively solve tasks in view of the lack of a joint action program of the world environmental system was put forward.
Keywords: Environmental policy, environmental protection system, environmental law, international law, landscape and biological diversity.
Ecotourism territory is a specially protected natural area, whose function is the development of ecological tourism. The purpose of the development of the ecotourism territory is to preserve the natural and cultural heritage, with the recreational use of the territory. The contradictions that arise between the recreational use of the territory and the preservation of natural and cultural heritage lead to the need to manage the processes of recreational impact on the territory. The tool for solving the problem is a modeling method that provides the necessary synthesis of knowledge about the human environment. The complexity of the urban planning system of the ecotourism territory does not allow making urban planning decisions based on one comprehensive model. The system representation of the modeling object consists of an interconnected consideration of it from functional and morphological (structural) positions. Therefore, the structural and functional approach has become the methodological basis for modeling. It allows determining the main spatial patterns of the formation of a stable planning structure of the ecotourism territory. The structural-functional approach provides consideration of external environment of the ecotourism territory as a holistic formation - a territorial system. It makes possible to comprehensively evaluate and present it as the urban planning system. The functional decomposition of the urban planning system consists in a hierarchical division of functions into the main (preservation of natural and cultural heritage), subordinate main (recreational use of the territory) and additional (servicing visitors and territories). As a result, the sustainability of the planning framework structure depends on the preservation and restoration of the integrity of the ecological and eco-cultural frameworks of the ecotourism territory.
Theses for search of new types of ecological tourism on the basis of allocation of the prevailing signs of the territory are formed. Currently, ecotourism is spread all over the world: Latin America, Asia and Africa. As a result of natural and cultural features, the existing models of ecotourism have been transformed and new types of ecotourism have appeared. The Middle East is the centre of the origin of the planet's religions. A distinctive feature of Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Israel is the orientation of tourism on pilgrimage tours to sacred places. In Africa and Australia, there is a type of ecotourism, such as ethnic or aboriginal tourism, the cultural landscape of which includes the territory of traditional nature management of local tribes. A special feature of ecotourism in Central and Latin America is the organisation of national parks for the preservation of ancient landscape complexes of extinct civilisations. In Russia, a new type of ecotourism has emerged—expeditionary tourism, which is less dependent on the transport accessibility of the territory and its routes cover large areas. Ecological and cultural synthesis, going beyond the protected areas to the cultural landscape, the greening of the local economy—these can and should be the new principles of the Russian strategy of ecotourism. Each macro region is characterised by its model of environmental and cultural values, which should form national eco-tourism concepts.
Keywords: Ecological tourism, American (North American, Australian) ecotourism model, Western European (German) ecotourism model, recreational tourism, educational tourism, scientific tourism, rural tourism, ethnic tourism.
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