The effect of palladium-and ruthenium-based clusters on nanocrystalline tin dioxide interaction with oxygen was studied by temperature-programmed oxygen isotopic exchange with mass-spectrometry detection. The modification of aqueous sol−gel prepared SnO 2 by palladium and, to a larger extent, by ruthenium, increases surface oxygen concentration on the materials. The revealed effects on oxygen exchangelowering the threshold temperature, separation of surface oxygen contribution to the process, increase of heteroexchange rate and oxygen diffusion coefficient, decrease of activation energies of exchange and diffusionwere more intensive for Ru-modified SnO 2 than in the case of SnO 2 /Pd. The superior promoting activity of ruthenium on tin dioxide interaction with oxygen was interpreted by favoring the dissociative O 2 adsorption and increasing the oxygen mobility, taking into account the structure and chemical composition of the modifier clusters.
to be the most efficient fuel in terms of the highest energy/ mass ratio among hydrocarbon fuels. Also, hydrogen fuel cells are environmental friendly since they do not emit CO 2 into atmosphere. Catalysts with different types of both active components and supports were studied in ESR reaction. [17][18][19][20] were also studied. Such studies aim at replacing currently used noble and rare-earth metals containing catalysts by the cheaper and accessible ones. All the works mentioned note that at contact time ~ 0.1 s spinels provide 100% ethanol conversion at temperatures exceeding 600°C. In the present paper mixed spinel-type oxides Co mixed oxides were prepared by the thermal decomposition of mixed nitrate salts by the following route: 1) heating from room temperature to 120°C in 1 hour, 2) annealing at 120°C for 1 hour, 3) heating from 120°C to 320°C in 1 hour, 4) annealing at 320°C for 1 hour, 5) heating from 320°C to 720°C in 2 hours, and 6) annealing at 720°C for 1 hour.
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