It is widely believed that the celebrated 2D Ising model at criticality has a universal and conformally invariant scaling limit, which is used in deriving many of its properties. However, no mathematical proof has ever been given, and even physics arguments support (a priori weaker) Möbius invariance. We introduce discrete holomorphic fermions for the 2D Ising model at criticality on a large family of planar graphs. We show that on bounded domains with appropriate boundary conditions, those have universal and conformally invariant scaling limits, thus proving the universality and conformal invariance conjectures.
We study discrete complex analysis and potential theory on a large family of planar graphs, the so-called isoradial ones. Along with discrete analogues of several classical results, we prove uniform convergence of discrete harmonic measures, Green's functions and Poisson kernels to their continuous counterparts. Among other applications, the results can be used to establish universality of the critical Ising and other lattice models.
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