The complexation of borate with carbohydrates was studied potentiometrically at temperatures 298.15-328.15K in aqueous medium at constant ionic strength, I = 0.1M KCl. The stability constants (β) and thermodynamic parameters of borate-carbohydrate complexes were determined using the technique proposed by Verchere and Hlaibi.
The investigation of photodegradation of sunfix yellow dye in aqueous solution of sunfix yellow/ ZnO suspension by sunlight was found to be time dependent UV-visible spectrum photodegradation. The absorption peak for sunfix yellow was found at 415.5 nm in visible region while the absorption of sunfix yellow dye shows disintegrate trend with time and finally disappeared with the increase in irradiation time. The optimum time for the photodegradation of sunfix yellow dye was found to be 150 minutes as well as 96.64% of sunfix yellow dye was degraded after 150 minutes. The effect of photocatalyst concentration on photodegradation rate of sunfix yellow dye solution was observed by different concentration range of ZnO from 0.1 to 0.8 g/ 100 mL, with dye concentration 0.20 to 1.25 mg/ 100 mL at pH 2 to 11 of sunfix yellow dye solution. The maximum decrease in concentration of sunfix yellow dye solution was found for the 0.25 mg/ 100 mL during 150 minute of radiation. The optimum catalyst concentration was found to be 0.2 g/ 100 mL. pH of the suspension turned out to be an efficient factor for the photodegradation of sunfix yellow dye and the optimum pH was noticed to be 10.
Background: Globally, the wide spread of drug resistant bacteria contaminated via meat poses a serious public health hazard. Red meat of cattle may be contaminated with bacteria mostly during slaughtering both in rural and urban area. To recognize the public health risk attributed to red meat of cattle, we estimated the burden of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella spp. We also investigated the presence of quinolone resistance genes as well as ESBL-producing encoding genes.Methods and materials: A total of 240 meat samples collected aseptically from different butcher shops of 5 divisions (out of 8) during July 2018 to September 2019. Standard bacteriological methods and PCR assay used for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with 20 antibiotics of 9 classes and ESBL producing Salmonella were screened by double disc synergistic test. The quinolone resistance and ESBL encoding genes were detected by mPCR.Results: The prevalence of Salmonella was 40.8% (n = 98). The multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were 77.6% (n = 76), and 58.2% (n = 57) were ESBL-producer. The highest resistance showed to oxytetracycline (85.7%) and colistin sulphate (79.6%) followed by imipenem (57.1%). Five isolates were possible extensively drugresistant (pXDR), which showed resistance to at least one antibiotic of each class of 8 and/or 9 classes of antimicrobials. Moreover, 25.5% (25/98) isolates were resistant to eight or more antibiotics irrespective of classes that are commonly used in animal and human therapeutics. Quinolones resistance gene, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 10.3% and 3.4% isolates, respectively, while none of the isolates was positive for qnrA. Furthermore, ESBL-producing encoding gene blaTEM was found in 100% isolates but none of isolates were positive for blaSHV, blaCTXM-1 and blaCTXM-2 genes.Conclusion: This study showed that the red meat of cattle was extensively contaminated with MDR and pXDR Salmonella. The evidence of resistance to colistin sulphate and imipenem indicate that the possibilities of cross-resistance as these antimicrobials are not used in large animal production system in Bangladesh.
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