Human body is inhabited by vast number of microorganisms which form a complex ecological community and influence the human physiology, in the aspect of both health and diseases. These microbes show a relationship with the human immune system based on coevolution and, therefore, have a tremendous potential to contribute to the metabolic function, protection against the pathogen and in providing nutrients and energy. However, of these microbes, many carry out some functions that play a crucial role in the host physiology and may even cause diseases. The introduction of new molecular technologies such as transcriptomics, metagenomics and metabolomics has contributed to the upliftment on the findings of the microbiome linked to the humans in the recent past. These rapidly developing technologies are boosting our capacity to understand about the human body-associated microbiome and its association with the human health. The highlights of this review are inclusion of how to derive microbiome data and the interaction between human and associated microbiome to provide an insight on the role played by the microbiome in biological processes of the human body as well as the development of major human diseases.

Highlights The review analyses the role of CAZymes in lignocellulose degradation with focus on the different approaches for improving the enzyme activity. Omics based approaches for the analysis of genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites related to plant degrading mechanism. Directed evolution and rational design as approaches for engineering to enhancing the CAZyme properties. Microbial engineering of the fungal and microbial strains by adapting techniques like CRISPR/cas9 and use of various expression systems. Novel enzymes and cocktail formulation for biorefinery-based application for production of value-added products using low cost plant biomass.

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