Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) and cesarean scar dehiscence (CSD) are the most dreaded complications of cesarean scar (CS). As the incidence of CS is increasing worldwide, so is the incidence of CSP, especially in cases with assisted reproduction techniques. It is of utmost importance to diagnose CSP in the early first trimester, as it can lead to myometrial rupture with fatal outcome. On the other hand, CSD may be encountered during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. CSD in the postpartum period is very rare and can cause secondary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) leading to increased maternal morbidity or even death if not diagnosed and managed promptly. Both complications can be diagnosed on ultrasonography (USG) and confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These two conditions carry high morbidity and mortality. In this article, we highlight the role of imaging in the early diagnosis and management of these conditions.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of the liver is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Only one-third of patients with HCC are suitable candidates for hepatic resection. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is performed in unresectable HCC. Drug-eluting beads (DEB) TACE is a modification of TACE, in which doxorubicin beads are used as embolizing material. These beads deliver the drug and embolize the vessels; however, it carries the risk of non-target embolization and it is difficult in cases with absent arterial blush on digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This is resolved using C-arm cone-beam computed tomography in the DSA suite. It identifies the tumor-feeding vessels, their area of supply, and differentiates between tumor and normal liver parenchyma. In addition, it is very useful in the embolization of hypovascular HCC. It helps and guides the radiologist in performing TACE effectively and also prevents non-target embolization of normal liver parenchyma.

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Background:Arachnoid proliferation, although rare, is known to occur in association with optic gliomas. However, chondroid and chordoid metaplasia has not been reported previously.Case Description:A 27-year-old male presented with progressive, painless loss of vision in right eye, associated with vomiting and headache for one and a half months. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a contrast enhancing mass arising from planum sphenoidale. Perioperative findings showed the tumor adherent to the right optic nerve and attached to basal dura and falx. A clinical impression of an intradural, optic nerve sheath meningioma was made. Histopathological examination revealed a glial tumor with adjacent areas displaying marked fibroblastic and arachnoid cell proliferation with chondroid as well as chordoid differentiation along with myxoid change and dense collagenisation. Reticulin stain, immunochemistry with glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and S-100 helped to arrive at the final diagnosis of optic glioma displaying exuberant arachnoid proliferation with cartilaginous metaplasia.Conclusion:We report a case of optic nerve glioma displaying extensive arachnoid proliferation, chordoid, and cartilaginous metaplasia, which mimicked chondrosarcoma or chordoid meningioma, posing a diagnostic dilemma. A clinical feedback, simple reticulin stain, and GFAP staining is of immense value in such cases to arrive at the correct diagnosis.

The left sinus of valsalva aneurysm (SVA) is a very uncommon condition which can compress the coronary arteries leading to potential catastrophic complications. We present a case of a contained rupture of left SVA causing significant mass effect on the adjacent cardiac chambers and coronary arteries diagnosed on computed tomographic angiography (CTA).

The pulmonary venous abnormalities are very rare and are difficult to diagnose. We present a case of middle age male who presented with cough and chest pain. Chest radiograph showed abnormal tortuous vessel in right lung. Computed tomographic angiography of chest demonstrated meandering anomalous right superior pulmonary vein.

Hydatid cyst of the liver, causing compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins is a rare cause of secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). As the hydatid disease is endemic in India, it is a rare but treatable cause of BCS. The early diagnosis and timely intervention can prevent hepatic complications leading to BCS in the affected patients.

of solitary pulmonary nodules which may also be caused by malignancy, metastasis, granuloma or other benign tumours. [3][4][5] Most of these lesions are asymptomatic, except when they are endobronchial in location and cause obstruction, and are detected serendipitously on radiology as solitary pulmonary nodule. These lesions have heterogeneous appearance on radiology, thus radiology has a limited role in distinguishing pulmonary hamartoma from other causes of solitary pulmonary nodule which include malignancy, metastasis, granuloma or other benign neoplasms. The characteristic "popcorn" calcification is seen in only 10-30% of cases and CT can detect about 50% of hamartomas.6,7 Therefore, cytological and/or histopathological examination is required for a definitive diagnosis or at least to exclude malignancy. Pulmonary hamartoma, a rare benign tumour of the lung -Case series A B S T R A C TIntroduction: Pulmonary hamartoma, with incidence of 0.25-0.32%, accounts for 6% of solitary pulmonary nodules. The role of radiology is limited as only 10-30% of cases show characteristic 'popcorn' calcification and Computed Tomography can detect approximately 50% of hamartomas. Hence cytological and/or histopathological examination is required to make a definitive diagnosis and exclude malignancy. Objective: As pulmonary hamartoma is a rare entity detected serendipitously on radiography and requires cytological and histopathological examination for confirmation of diagnosis, we present nine cases of solitary pulmonary nodules which were diagnosed as pulmonary hamartoma. Methods: We retrospectively screened departmental records and slides and found nine cases of pulmonary hamartoma in our tertiary care institute (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India). Three cases were diagnosed on CT guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and four cases were diagnosed on histopathological examination ofsurgical specimens, over a period of 16 years (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). Two cases were incidentally discovered to have pulmonary hamartoma at autopsy. Observations: The age of the patients ranged from 17-63 years (mean-46.3), with male to female ratio being 3.5:1. The size of the hamartoma varied from 0.4-1.3 cm, with mean diameter of 1 cm. Cytology showed mixture of bronchial epithelial cells, adipocytes and stromal fragments in fibromyxoid and chondroid background. Histopathology demonstrated lobules of cartilage and adipose tissue with intervening clefts lined by respiratory epithelium and mesenchymal stroma. Conclusion: Every solitary pulmonary nodule is not malignant. It is important to correctly diagnose pulmonary hamartoma, a rare, yet benign neoplasm presenting as a solitary lung nodule and distinguish it from malignancy.