To find out the intraoperative complications and postoperative pain scaling associated with Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and Non descent vaginal hysterectomy. Design: Prospective analytical observational clinical study. Methods: A Prospective analytical observational clinical study was undertaken in patients undergoing Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and Non descent vaginal hysterectomy. Results: Operating time was lesser in Non descent vaginal hysterectomy group. Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in Non descent vaginal hysterectomy group than in Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy group. Postoperative pain was also less in women undergoing Non descent vaginal hysterectomy group. Pain score was in the immediate postoperative period was more approximately 7 in the Laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy group and approximately 6 in the Non descent vaginal hysterectomy group. Complications like bladder hematoma and paralytic ileus were seen only in Laparoscopic hysterectomy. Because of more complications there were also more hospital stay in case of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Funding: No funding received for the study. Conclusion:Non descent vaginal hysterectomy should be the preferred route of hysterectomy attributed to less postoperative pain and complications.
A hydrosalpinx is a condition that occurs when the fallopian tube is blocked and fills with serous or clear fluid near the ovary (distal to the uterus). The blocked tube may become substantially distended giving the tube a characteristic sausage-like or retort-like shape. The condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centimeters in diameter. The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx.
To assess the sensitivity and specificity of Colposcopy and Cytological examination. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care referral institute in 100 symptomatic, sexually active women of 20-65 years. PAP smears were performed by the conventional method and colposcopy was done for all 100 women who came with complaints of white discharge per vagina, intermenstrual, or postcoital bleeding, etc. Final correlation of the PAP smear and colposcopy were based on histopathology reports. Results: In cytology and colposcopy-directed biopsy sensitivity is 65.38%, specificity is 95.83%. Positive predictive value 94.4%, negative predictive value 71.8% and accuracy are 80%. Conclusion:In the present study, incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I) was 28%, CIN II 11%, CIN III 4%, carcinoma in situ 2%, squamous cell carcinoma 5%, and adenocarcinoma 2%. This emphasizes the use of all 3 methods PAP cytology (conventional method), colposcopy, and histology is complementary to each other and helps to reduce false negative cases.
Introduction: Being a selective estrogen receptor inhibitor (SERM) tamoxifen may be used an alternative to clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in women with anovulatory infertility. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tamoxifen as compared to clomiphene citrate in women with primary or secondary anovulatory infertility. Methods: One hundred women suffering from anovulatory infertility and attending the infertility clinic and were recruited for the study. Patients were randomized to receive either clomiphene citrate (50 mg) or tamoxifen treatment (40 mg). The ovulation was monitored from day 3 to day 7 of menstrual cycle followed up by transvaginal ultrasound from day 11 every alternate day for 10 days. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were calculated. Results: The baseline characteristics of mean age, weight, and mean duration of infertility were comparable between both the study groups. Out of 100 patients who received clomiphene citrate, 51 showed successful ovulation (ovulation rate of 45.94%) and 5 patients conceived (pregnancy rate of 10%). In tamoxifen group 67 women showed successful ovulation (ovulation rate of 59.82%) and 9 women conceived (pregnancy rate of 18%). The difference was significantly different (p>0.05). No major adverse effects were noted in both the study groups. Conclusions: Tamoxifen has shown comparable efficacy and safety as compared to clomiphene citrate and it can be a good alternative to clomiphene citrate in patients of primary or secondary anovulatory infertility.
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