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Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) is an important and valuable fruit because of its unique flavor and economic, nutritional and health benefits. It is one of the most consumed berries worldwide. Grey mould of strawberry fruits, caused by the necrotrophic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., is one of the most important diseases. This airborne pathogen has the ability to kill strawberry cells through the production of reactive oxygen species and toxins causing massive production losses at all development stages and even post-harvest. The intensive production of strawberries has created a favorable environment for this disease. Strawberry grey mould management is typically very input-intensive, in particular with respect to chemical fungicides. As a result, the integrated pest management is required to control strawberry grey mould. A thorough understanding of B. cinerea epidemiology and infection processes is needed to guide future efforts in the development of innovative integrated management practices. This review summarizes the current knowledge of taxonomy and morphology, signs and symptoms, disease development, infection process, and control of B. cinerea using integrated disease management.

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Interstellar formations and significances of formamide as a possible prebiotic precursor, for many complex organic molecules of life are well studied in recent times. In this work, computational studies (B3LYP, wB97xD, MP2, and CCSD(T)) have been carried out to study the formation mechanism of formamide, from HNCO + H 2 , via concerted paths. Beside the well-studied, Direct Route, three new routes, imine, carbene and Oxime intermediate routes have been investigated. Carbene and oxime routes were found to be endothermic and hence may not be useful in interstellar circumstances. On the other hand, imine route, being slightly exothermic, may be considered as an auxiliary channel to the direct route. Detailed studies for these two routes have been carried out. Also, based only on a qualitative analysis of possibility of tunnelling, we have suggested the possible usefulness of these two reaction paths in cryogenic conditions of interstellar molecular clouds. We hope this study will be useful to our future understanding about the astrochemistry of formamide and origin of life.

Alternate bearing (AB) is a phenomenon, common in fruit crops, is a concerned plant or branch or orchard does not bear a regular crop year-after-year rather heavy yields are followed by extremely light yield and vice versa. Based on the alternate bearing index, it is divided in four groups viz.,  no alternation, less alternate, high alternate, severe alternate. There are mainly two factors are responsible for alternate bearing i.e., exogenous and endogenous factors. Alternate bearing can be managed by cultural practices, selection of rootstocks, and selection of cultivars, chemical application and pruning at right time. Scrutiny of all of the factors are presented in this review to achieve consistent success in induction of flowering in perennial fruit crops. The information may pave way for better regulation of flowering shoots to enhanced fruit productivity in various fruit crops.

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