Proven protection against air pollution As researchers for the certifying body for personal protective equipment in the United States, we caution against misinterpretation of Wei Huang's and Lidia Morawska's contention that face masks could increase health risks from air pollution (Nature 574, 29-30; 2019). Although the authors attempt to distinguish between 'medical masks' and 'specialist respirators', a clearer definition of 'mask' would avoid confusion over the capabilities of different protective devices. As they point out, surgical masks are loosefitting and ineffective against air pollution. However, respirators approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fit tightly to the face and filter at least 95% of airborne particles, including aerosolized nanoparticulates (E. Vo et al. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 59, 1012-1021; 2015). Even NIOSH-approved respirators that have not been personally fitted provide some protection in non-occupational settings (see go.nature.com/35ztfy). Outdoor workers in California, for example, wore such devices as safeguards against non-oily particulate hazards produced by this year's wildfires (go.nature.com/35jwdw). An absence of evidence from clinical trials is no reason not to take precautionary measures.
The interior morphology of Cerberus Fossae consists of a steep, layered upper slope and a gentler lower slope, which are presumably composed of exposed bedrock and talus, respectively (Plescia, 2003). Various landforms observed in this region have resulted in several hypotheses as to the origin of the Cerberus plains material, from a purely aqueous origin to a purely volcanic one. For example, Athabasca Valles is thought to have been carved by a high-discharge flood of water based on streamlined islands, notches on the sides of the breach hanging valleys and a low number of tributaries, while other authors have argued that this channel might be carved by fluid lava, which is supported by fissure vents (
<p>With a launch readiness date of late 2024, NASA&#8217;s Europa Clipper will set out on a journey to explore the habitability of Jupiter&#8217;s moon Europa. At the beginning of the next decade, the spacecraft will orbit Jupiter, flying by Europa more than 40 times over a four-year period to observe this moon&#8217;s ice shell and ocean, study its composition, investigate its geology, and search for and characterize any current activity. The mission&#8217;s science objectives will be accomplished using a highly capable suite of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments. The remote sensing payload consists of the Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS), the Europa Imaging System (EIS), the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), the Europa Thermal Imaging System (E-THEMIS), and the Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON). The in-situ instruments comprise the Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM), the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), the SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA), and the MAss Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX). Gravity and radio science will be achieved using the spacecraft's telecommunication system, and valuable scientific data will be acquired by the spacecraft&#8217;s radiation monitoring system. Major milestones from the past year include selection of a launch vehicle and launch readiness date by NASA, evaluation of candidate tours by the science team, and preparations for the cruise and operational phases of the mission. The project, flight system, and payload have completed their Critical Design Reviews, and the mission has recently completed its System Integration Review. Spacecraft subsystems and payload are actively being developed, and assembly, test, and launch operations are expected to begin in March 2022. In the meantime, the science team is preparing a set of manuscripts describing the mission science and the instruments that enable these investigations for publication in the journal Space Science Reviews.</p>
<p>3D terrain models from high-resolution orbital imagery, such as that from HiRISE and CTX, provide an opportunity to probe the geologic history of Gale Crater, Mars, and contextualise observations from the Mars Science Laboratory. 3D HiRISE datasets of a channel in Gale Crater are visualised in the Planetary Robotics 3D Viewer (PRo3D) [1]. Digitised measurements of layers exposed in the channel are extracted using this software and analysed to investigate the depositional history of the central mound.</p> <p>A 1-m HiRISE digital terrain model (DTM) was retrieved from University of Arizona Chicago [2] and co-registered to an 18-m CTX DTM, itself processed with CASP-GO [3] in [4], using the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline [5]. This 3D dataset, in addition to a 25-cm HiRISE orthorectified image (ORI), was converted to the Ordered Point Cloud (OPC) format for visualisation in PRo3D.</p> <p>The 3D scene was then analysed in the PRo3D suite. This investigation includes identifying sets or &#8220;packages&#8221; of beds, their relationships (e.g. unconformities, repeated sequences, erosion), quantifying their geometries (package thickness, dip/strike), observation of how these relationships change vertically within a package and along the channel, and the generation of summary logs of these sequences. These data are compared (a) across the channel, (b) with a CRISM covering part of the channel, and (c) with depositional models of the central mound of Aeolis Mons, and implications are discussed.</p> <p>[1] Barnes, R., et al., ESS 5, 2018. [2] http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ [3] Tao et al., PSS 154, 2018 [4] Persaud, D.M., et al., EPSC, abs. #1540, 2019. [5] Beyer, R., et al., ESS 5, 2018</p>
Leonie Mueck, Carmen Palacios-Berraquero and Divya M Persaud argue that the term “quantum supremacy” should be replaced in favour of one that is more responsible
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