Thermal runaway is a well-known safety concern in Li-ion cells. Methods to predict and prevent thermal runaway are critically needed for enhanced safety and performance. While much work has been done on understanding the kinetics of various heat generation processes during thermal runaway, relatively lesser work exists on understanding how heat removal from the cell influences thermal runaway. Through a unified analysis of heat generation and heat removal, this paper derives and experimentally validates a non-dimensional parameter whose value governs whether or not thermal runaway will occur in a Li-ion cell. The parameter comprises contributions from thermal transport within and outside the cell, as well as the temperature dependence of heat generation rate. Experimental data using a 26650 thermal test cell are in good agreement with the model, and demonstrate the dependence of thermal runaway on various thermal transport and heat generation parameters. This parameter is used to predict the thermal design space in which the cell will or will not experience thermal runaway. By combining all thermal processes contributing to thermal runaway in a single parameter, this work contributes

Traditionally it has been assumed that battery thermal management systems should be designed to maintain the battery temperature around room temperature. That is not always true as Lithium-ion battery (LIB) R&D is pivoting towards the development of high energy density and fast charging batteries. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive review of thermal considerations for LIBs targeted for high energy density and fast charging, i.e., the optimal thermal condition, thermal physics (heat transport and generation) inside the battery, and thermal management strategies. As the energy density and charge rate increases, the optimal battery temperature can shift to be higher than room temperature. To improve the temperature uniformity and avoid excessive internal temperature rise, heat transfer inside the battery needs to be enhanced, and reducing the thermal contact resistance between the electrodes and separator can significantly increase the effective thermal conductivity of batteries. In the first part of the review various challenges and latest developments related to thermal transport and properties of LIBs are discussed. In the second part of the review various sources of heat generation inside LIBs and various approaches to minimizing battery heat generation are summarized. The importance of heat of mixing due to ion diffusion during fast charging is also highlighted. Finally, a summary of latest advancement on smart control of internal temperature of LIBs is discussed as depending on the ambient temperature and the optimal temperature; the battery heat needs to be retained or dissipated to elevate or avoid temperature rise. Lithium-ion battery; Optimal battery temperature; High energy density; Fast charging; Battery thermal management

While Li-ion cells offer excellent energy conversion and storage capabilities for multiple applications, including electric vehicles, heat removal from a Li-ion cell remains a serious technological challenge that directly limits performance, and poses serious safety concerns. Due to poor thermal conductivity of Li-ion cells, traditional cooling methods like air cooling on the cell surface do not effectively access and cool the core. This may lead to overheating of the cell core. This paper investigates the cooling of Li-ion cells using an annular channel through the axis of the cell. Air flow through this channel and heat pipe insertion are both shown to result in effective cooling. A temperature reduction of 18-20 °C in the cell core is observed in heat pipe experiments, depending on heat pipe size, for 1.62W heat dissipation. Similar effect is observed when a thin metal rod is used instead of a heat pipe. Experimental measurements are within 10% of finite-element simulation results. Experiments demonstrate that a heat pipe successfully prevents overheating in case of sudden increase in heat generation due to malfunction such as 3 cell shorting. This paper illustrates fundamental thermal-electrochemical trade-offs, and facilitates the development of novel and effective cooling techniques for Li-ion cells.

Thermal management of Li-ion battery packs is a critical technological challenge that directly impacts safety and performance. Removal of heat generated in individual Li-ion cells into the ambient is a considerably complicated problem involving multiple heat transfer modes. This paper develops an iterative analytical technique to model conjugate heat transfer in coolant-based thermal management of a Li-ion battery pack. Solutions for the governing energy conservation equations for thermal conduction and convection are derived and coupled with each other in an iterative fashion to determine the final temperature distribution. The analytical model is used to investigate the dependence of the temperature field on various geometrical and material parameters. This work shows that the coolant flowrate required for effective cooling can be reduced significantly by improving the thermal conductivity of individual Li-ion cells. Further, this work helps understand key thermal–electrochemical trade-offs in the design of thermal management for Li-ion battery packs, such as the trade-off between temperature rise and energy storage density in the battery pack.