Daily changes in photoprotective mechanisms were studied in sun leaves of Quercus suber L., Quercus ilex L., Olea europaea L. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees during the summer in Portugal. Even though stomatal closure explained most of the diurnal variation in carbon assimilation along the summer, a decline in the photochemical yield of photosystem II (F′v/F′m) also occurred, as a result of an excess of intercepted solar radiation when carbon assimilation is limited by stomatal closure due to high vapour pressure deficits and/or soil water deficits. These changes were accompanied by the conversion of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin which were correlated with thermal dissipation of excess photon energy. In spite of a common general response, differences between species were observed ‐Olea europaea, which is a slow‐growing tree, had the lowest net photosynthetic rates, the highest proportion of carotenoids in relation to chlorophyll and the highest rates of de‐epoxidation of violaxanthin. This enabled a large thermal dissipation of the excess intercepted radiation but led to rather small values of light utilisation for photochemistry (ca 20%). In contrast, in E. globulus, a fast‐growing tree, photosynthetic rates were the highest, thermal dissipation of absorbed radiation the lowest and maximal values of light utilisation for photochemistry reached ca 50%. The two Quercus species exhibited an intermediate response. A high degree of co‐ordination is apparent between stomatal behaviour, photosynthetic capacity and photoprotection mechanisms.

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Abstract:The goal of this study was to characterize the phenological behavior of 12 woody species, which together represent 41% of the Importance Value Index (IVI) of a typical cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in the Bacaba Municipal Park (Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso), and to relate it to climatic variables, including precipitation, minimum temperatures, maximum temperatures and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD ). All species showed an annual, unimodal flowering pattern, with different species flowering during distinct periods of the year. The fruit maturation of autochoric and anemochoric species occurred within the dry season mostly; zoochoric species dispersed seeds mainly during the wet season or during the transition between dry and rainy seasons. Leaf fall, estimated from leaf canopy cover, was negatively and significantly correlated to maximum temperature and vapor pressure deficit in 11 out of 12 species studied (except R. montana), suggesting that increasing temperature and evaporative demand induce foliar abscission. Leaf flushing was positively and significantly correlated to minimum temperature in nine species (except M. lanuginosa, R. montana and Q. grandiflora). Our results suggest that there is a strong relationship between the phenological events of the studied woody species and climatic conditions, with vegetative events like abscission and flushing showing the strongest associations. Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar os comportamentos fenológicos de 12 espécies lenhosas, que juntas representam 41% do Valor de Importância (VI) de uma comunidade de cerrado típico no Parque Municipal do Bacaba, Nova Xavantina, MT, e relacioná-los à precipitação, temperaturas mínimas, máximas e Déficit de Pressão de Vapor (DPV). As observações fenológicas foram realizadas em intervalos quinzenais, de setembro 2008 a outubro de 2009. Foram estimadas as intensidades de cobertura total da folhagem na copa, brotamento, proporção relativa de folhas novas, adultas e senescentes, floração e frutificação. Baseado nos eventos fenológicos vegetativos, quatro espécies foram categorizadas como sempre-verde com crescimento contínuo (Myrcia lanuginosa O. Berg., Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill., Ouratea spectabilis (Mart. ex Engl.) Engl. e Roupala montana Aubl.), uma como sempre-verde com crescimento sazonal (Byrsonima pachyphylla Kunth), duas como brevidecíduas (Davilla elliptica A. St.-Hil., Eugenia aurata O. Berg.) e cinco como decíduas (Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth, Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess., Qualea grandiflora Mart., Qualea multiflora Mart. e Qualea parviflora Mart.). A floração de todas as espécies apresentou padrão anual e unimodal, com diferentes espécies florescendo em períodos distintos do ano. A maturação de frutos das espécies com dispersão zoocórica ocorreu principalmente durante o período chuvoso, e das com dispersão anemocórica ocorreu no período seco, ou na transição entre os períodos. A deciduidade foliar, estimada a partir da cobertura de folhagem, foi negativa e significativamente relacionada...

The forests of southeastern Amazonia are highly threatened by disturbances such as fragmentation, understory fires, and extreme climatic events. Large-bodied frugivores such as the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) have the potential to offset this process, supporting natural forest regeneration by dispersing a variety of seeds over long distances to disturbed forests. However, we know little about their effectiveness as seed dispersers in degraded forest landscapes. Here, we investigate the seed dispersal function of lowland tapirs in Amazonian forests subject to a range of human (fire and fragmentation) and natural (extreme droughts and windstorms) disturbances, using a combination of field observations, camera traps, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. Tapirs travel and defecate more often in degraded forests, dispersing much more seeds in these areas [9,822 seeds per ha/year (CI 95% = 9,106; 11,838)] than in undisturbed forests [2,950 seeds per ha/year (CI 95% = 2,961; 3,771)]. By effectively dispersing seeds across disturbed forests, tapirs may contribute to natural forest regeneration-the cheapest and usually the most feasible way to achieve largescale restoration of tropical forests. Through the dispersal of large-seeded species that eventually become large trees, such frugivores also contribute indirectly to maintaining forest carbon stocks. These functions may be critical in helping tropical countries to achieve their goals to maintain and restore biodiversity and its ecosystem services. Ultimately, preserving these animals along with their habitats may help in the process of natural recovery of degraded forests throughout the tropics.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material. K E Y W O R D SBrazil, forest restoration, frugivory, natural regeneration, seed dispersal, Tapirus terrestris, understory fires S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O NAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.