Total electron content (TEC) is known to vary significantly in response to geomagnetic storms, and the high density of GPS receivers in North America makes it attractive for studying these TEC variations in detail. The network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) produces vertical (slant-corrected) TEC measurements, and it has been operational for a sufficient length of time to allow study of both seasonal and solar cycle effects on TEC fluctuations. A study by Immel and Mannucci (2013) has indicated that the global storm-time TEC enhancements are most pronounced in the American sector, making it an interesting candidate to study in detail. In one of the more ambitious studies to date, Thomas et al. (2016) use 13 years of data from the CORS network to separate the effects of time, longitude, and season on TEC variations. They find that the typical response to a storm involves a positive phase (increased TEC relative to normal conditions) in the sunlit and early evening ionosphere, followed by a longer duration negative phase (decreased TEC relative to normal conditions) at all latitudes and local times. Their study also show that the magnitude of increased TEC over the US sector in response to storms is larger in the eastern half of the country, where the magnetic declination is negative. They suggest that the declination may be important because for the same zonal neutral wind, the field-aligned plasma motion depends on the orientation of the wind vector relative to the local geomagnetic field. For example, an eastward zonal wind in the northern hemisphere will tend to move plasma upward along the field lines in regions with negative magnetic declination, and downward in regions where the declination is positive. Neutral winds and electric fields are both drivers of upward and downward motion of the F-region plasma. Moving plasma to higher altitudes where collisional recombination is low is one possible mechanism for increasing TEC in sunlit conditions, since photoionization at the lower altitudes can rapidly replace plasma that is displaced upward. The result is a thicker F-region that increases the measured TEC.
The Spatial Audio Data Immersive Experience (SADIE) project aims to identify new foundational relationships pertaining to hu-man spatial aural perception, and to validate existing relation-ships. Our infrastructure consists of an intuitive interaction in-terface, an immersive exocentric sonification environment, and a layer-based amplitude-panning algorithm. Here we highlight the system’s unique capabilities and provide findings from an initial externally funded study that focuses on the assessment of human aural spatial perception capacity. When compared to the existing body of literature focusing on egocentric spatial perception, our data show that an immersive exocentric environment enhances spatial perception, and that the physical implementation using high density loudspeaker arrays enables significantly improved spatial perception accuracy relative to the egocentric and virtual binaural approaches. The preliminary observations suggest that human spatial aural perception capacity in real-world-like immersive exocentric environments that allow for head and body movement is significantly greater than in egocentric scenarios where head and body movement is restricted. Therefore, in the design of immersive auditory displays, the use of immersive exocentric environments is advised. Further, our data identify a significant gap between physical and virtual human spatial aural perception accuracy, which suggests that further development of virtual aural immersion may be necessary before such an approach may be seen as a viable alternative.
This paper presents an approach to sonifying 2D cellular data. Its primary goal is attaining listener comprehension parity between original visual data and its sonified counterpart for the purpose of understanding cell behavior, including movement, mitosis (or division), and cell death. Here, we present the initial findings of the automated sonification prototype named “Cellular Stethoscope” that was assessed through a 19-subject pilot study to assess its ability to accurately reflect the cell behavior captured in the video footage. The resulting system is envisioned to serve as a foundation for a complementing and potentially more efficient approach to studying cell behavior when subjected to various pharmaceutical interventions.
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