Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, ob sich Förderprogramme, die helfen externen Sachverstand bei einer Gründung einzubinden, positiv auf die Verbleibsdauern in Selbständigkeiten auswirken. Hierzu werden drei unterschiedliche Programme betrachtet, die zusätzlich zu einer finanziellen Basissicherung Gründungsvorhaben aus der Arbeitslosigkeit fördern. Wir finden, dass die Selektion in die Förderprogramme stark durch regionale Merkmale determiniert wird und dass individuelle Charakteristika bei der Inanspruchnahme der Förderleistungen wenig relevant sind. Dieses verweist auf eine regionale Spezialisierung in der Ausrichtung der Förderung bei der Aufnahme einer selbständigen Tätigkeit durch die aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Das angewandte Selektionskorrekturverfahren (statistisches Matching) berücksichtigt diese Besonderheiten, so dass neben individuellen Merkmalen explizit auch regionale und zeitliche Aspekte kontrolliert werden. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Wirkung der zusätzlichen Förderung für die Verbleibsdauer in Selbständigkeit eher gering ausfallen und dass Selbständigkeitsperioden bei Inanspruchnahme externer Expertise schneller beendet werden als ohne. Dieses deutet darauf hin, dass externe Expertise bei Gründungen aus der Arbeitslosigkeit tendenziell passives Lernen fördert.
Schlüsselwörter Arbeitsmarktpolitik · Statistisches Matching · Evaluation · Förderung von Selbständigkeit
JEL Klassifikation J68 · J23Abstract This paper focuses on the question of whether improving the competence of new business founders through programs that offer external expertise enhances the duration of self-employment. In our analysis, we focus on three different programs that are provided along with a financial subsidy and that focus on founders who started a business while they were unemployed. We found that participation was strongly determined by regional patterns and time, and that individual characteristics were less important. These results reflect a particular regional specialization in promoting self-employment. A statistical matching approach was used to control for selectivity and was performed in a way that explicitly considered differences across regions and over time. The results show that the treatment effects tended to be low. However, we found evidence that external expertise increased passive learning.
Similar to, for example, the US, Switzerland or Great Britain the German health care sector has recently undergone a series of reforms towards managed care. These measures are intended to yield both a higher quality of care and cost containment. In our study we ask whether managed care reduces health care expenditure at the market level. We apply a macroeconomic evaluation approach based on a regional panel data set which is as yet unique in the context of managed care. Econometrically, we account for both unobserved heterogeneity and spatial dependence, i.e. regional interrelations in health care. We discuss alternative model specifications and include a range of sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that in contrast to public perception the share of managed care contracts has a positive impact on pharmaceutical spending, in particular through regional spillover effects.
Summary
This study analyzes a telemedical program for chronic heart failure in Germany with respect to economic and treatment indicators. The program entails a routine data‐based preselection of the insured and specific treatment intensities for low‐ and high‐risk patients. This study complements previous research by considering differentiated end points such as mortality and rehospitalization as well as ambulatory, outpatient, and medication costs to account for potential cost shifts. In addition, different time frames and regional characteristics are dealt with. A difference‐in‐differences approach accounts for potential self‐selection into the voluntary program. Our results challenge the current paradigm of program‐induced cost shifting between hospital and ambulatory care. Except for a short‐term effect in the lower‐risk group, the program is associated with raising hospital admission rates as well as higher costs in all categories, while mortality is significantly reduced. The findings are robust as to various sensitivity checks.
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