A bioclimatic analysis of different South African towns and cities indicates that, if the correct mix of passive design principles is used, they all have a significant passive design potential. Of all such measures, solar protection and shading is the single most important passive design measure to reduce energy usage and to improve internal comfort for buildings in all South African climatic regions. The correct design of public open spaces and streets facilitates, to a great extent, energy-efficient buildings, whilst at the same time providing functional and comfortable urban open spaces and streets. Passive solar buildings aim to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun's diurnal and annual cycles, whilst reducing the requirement for active heating and cooling systems. The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of climate zones on passive design potential, of which shading design is an integral part, using Pretoria as a case study. This includes the effect of street width, building height, street layout, orientation, and the amount of sunlight available for trees and plants in the urban environment. The Spatial Planning and Land Management Act (2013), City of Tshwane Land Use Management By-law (2016) and the Tshwane Town-Planning Scheme 2008 (Revised 2014) were used as regulatory framework. To support the research, an Early Design Phase (EDP) experimental research platform was used to investigate the amount of sunlight on building facades with different orientations. This method enables the calculation of shading angles where there is a balance between the hot periods (requiring cooling) and cool periods (requiring heating) from the urban and building perspective. This has been achieved by means of the development of analytical software that uses weather files as one of the inputs to calculate critical solar angles. Over and above the calculation of current building solar protection angles, this method also facilitates the calculation of the increase in solar protection that will be required with climate change such as with the expected A2 climate change scenario (business-as-usual scenario) for South Africa. To support the EDP analysis, detailed simulations were also undertaken by means of Ecotect v5.60.
Peer review and revised Opsomming Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die effek van klimaatverandering op die Suid-Afrikaanse stad te ondersoek en toepaslike maatreëls aan die hand te doen, gebaseer op die spesifieke klimaatstreek. Met toenemende klimaatverandering word dit al hoe belangriker dat Suid-Afrikaanse stede veerkragtig (resilient) moet wees. Onlangs is nuwe klimaat-en energiekaarte by die WNNR geproduseer om die huidige SANS 204 (2011) Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Boustandaard ses sonekaart te vervang. Ten einde die langtermyn toepaslikheid van die kaart te verseker, is daar bo en behalwe die gebruik van historiese klimaatdata ook data oor klimaatverandering in berekening gebring om die kaart te skep. ʼn A2 klimaatverandering van die Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) vir die periode 1961-2100 (Engelbrecht, Landman, Engelbrecht, Landman, Bopape, Roux, McGregor & Thatcher, 2011: 649) is gebruik. ʼn A2 scenario kan beskryf word as besigheid soos gewoon. Volgens onlangse navorsing kan suidelike Afrika ʼn temperatuurstyging van tussen 4°C tot 6°C verwag in die westelike warm woestyngebiede van suidelike Afrika (Engelbrecht & Engelbrecht, 2016: 247-261). Terselfdertyd verhoog die hoeveelheid energie in die atmosfeer wat lei tot ʼn verhoogde intensiteit van storms (Emanuel, 2005: 686-688). Die toenemende verwarming sal ʼn groot impak op stede hê waar die sogenaamde Stedelike Hitte Eiland (SHE)-effek veroorsaak dat die stede heelwat warmer word as die omliggende landelike gebiede. Al bogenoemde faktore toon aan dat klimaatverandering ʼn aansienlike impak op die Suid-Afrikaanse stad sal hê. Sleutelwoorde: Klimaatverandering, stede, Suid-Afrika THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN CITY AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATING MEASURES The purpose of this article is to research the effect of climate change on the South African city and to recommend appropriate measures, based on the specific climatic zone. With increased climate change, it is getting increasingly important that the South African city should be resilient. Recently, the CSIR produced new climate and energy maps to replace the SANS 204 (2011) South African National Building Standards six zone climatic region map. To ensure the long-term applicability of the new climate map, it was decided that, over and above the use of historic climatic data, climate change should also be considered. An A2 climate change scenario of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) for the period 1961-2100 (Engelbrecht et al., 2011: 649) was used. An A2 scenario can be described as business as usual. Recent research predicts that southern Africa can expect a temperature increase of between 4°C to 6°C in hot western dessert areas (Engelbrecht & Engelbrecht, 2016: 247-261). Simultaneously, the amount of energy in the atmosphere increases, causing higher intensity storms (Emanuel, 2005: 686-688). The significant warming will have a severe impact on cities where the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) causes cities to be significantly warmer than surrounding rural are...
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