In assessing food intake patterns in groups of individuals, it is usually important to know how many of these individuals present nutrient intakes INTRODUTIONThe objective of this work was to discuss a methodology for estimating the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake. This is an important topic in studies of the prevalence of the intake of different nutrients. Such studies provide backing for establishing hypotheses regarding the relationships between diet and health. In assessing diets within groups of individuals, it is often of interest to determine how many of these individuals present intakes that are above or below a given criterion. This information is relevant for planning healthcare actions, both in monitoring and in assessing such interventions, and also for the purposes of regulating commercial activities.
Background Adherence to healthy dietary patterns such as the MIND diet has been associated with better cognition, but little is known about this relationship in studies from low‐ to middle‐income countries. This study aims to investigate the association between adherence to the MIND diet and cognitive performance in the ELSA‐Brasil study baseline. Method Adherence to the MIND diet score was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and cognitive performance was evaluated using three cognitive domains: memory domain (immediate word list recall, late word list recall, word list recognition), fluency domain (semantic and phonemic verbal fluency) and executive domain (Trail Making test version B). We used z scores for the three domains and created a standardized global composite score. We used linear regression to investigate the association between MIND diet adherence and cognitive performance adjusted for sociodemographics and clinical variables. We also investigated interactions between adherence to the MIND diet and age, race, and education. Result MIND diet adherence was associated with better cognitive performance in all three domains and with global cognition in unadjusted analysis. However, adherence to the MIND diet was related to a worse performance in the executive domain in a full adjusted model (Table 1). Adherence showed significant interaction with age, race and education, suggesting better cognitive performance with higher adherence in older people (Figure 1), white participants (Figure 2) and those in higher levels of education (Figure 3), but a lower cognitive performance with higher adherence in those in lower levels of education (Figure 3). Conclusion MIND diet adherence was associated with worse performance in an executive function test. Older, white and high‐educated participants had better performance with higher adherence scores.
BackgroundConsumption of ultra‐processed foods (UPF) has progressively increased worldwide in the last 30 years. High intake of UPF is associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer and hypothesized to induce systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Although UPF may also be a risk factor for cognitive decline through these pathways, little is lnown about the effects of UPF on cognition. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between UPF consumption and cognitive decline in the ELSA‐Brasil study during 9 years of follow‐up.MethodParticipants were evaluated in three study waves (2008‐10, 2012‐14 and 2017‐19).Data on diet measured by food frequency questionnaire was categorized according to degree of food processing using NOVA. Cognitive performance was evaluated using a standardized battery of tests ‐ the immediate recall, late recall, recognition, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency and the trail‐making tests. A global composite z‐score was derived from these tests. Association of consumption of UPF (% of total daily gram intake) with cognitive performance over time was evaluated using linear mixed effects models, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical variables.ResultIn 8,160 participants (mean 50.6±8.7 y, 56% women, and 55% white) during a median follow‐up of 9 years, the mean baseline calorie intake was 2,842±982 kcal, 28% (493g) of which came from UPF (Table 1). During follow‐up time, consumption of UPF in the fourth and fifth versus the first quintile were related to a decline in the executive funtion (β = ‐0.007, 95% CI = ‐0.013; ‐0.002, p = 0.004) and memory performance (β = ‐0.004, 95% CI = ‐0.009; 0.000, p = 0.048), respectively (Table 2). No association of UPF consumption and verbal fluency was observed (Table 2).ConclusionDuring nine years of follow‐up, high consumption of UPF was associated with cognitive decline, particularly in the memory and executive funtion domains.
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