Background: Every healthcare establishment is known to produce several tonnes of waste. Over a period of time to cater to the needs and demands of the growing population has resulted in rapid mushrooming of hospitals, both in the government and private sector. Improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes a direct health impact on the community, the health care workers and the environment. Such waste requires management & specific treatment prior to its final disposal. The objectives were to observe compliance of protocols in handling, transport & storage of Biomedical Waste in a tertiary care hospital and to assess compliance to occupational safety measures used by the health care staff.Methods: A validated checklist with 41 parameters to check compliance to various functions carried out at source of generation, handling, transport & storage by a Health Care Worker for BMW management was prepared. It was an observational study that made use of complete enumeration method to select all study sites. A total of 67 sites were visited and observed. A total of 4 visits were made to each area to assess the compliance to rules.Results: Out of 64 wards that were observed for compliance to BMW handling and Management rule 2011, 42.18% disinfected the biomedical waste bins daily. Mixing of contents in the red bag, yellow bag and black bag was found to be 20.31%, 12.5% and 10.93% respectively. None of the wards observed cutting of gloves and saline bottles prior to disposal.Conclusions: The tertiary care hospital where the study was carried out was compliant with most rules with respect to BMW management. Segregation, mutilation and disinfection practices were not performed strictly at all waste generating sites. Due to patient overload and lack of staffing mutilation and disinfection practices were overlooked at many sites. Day to day collection of waste from all sites was not carried out due to which record books were not properly maintained. False reporting was noted on records at various sites.
Background: To assess the prevalence of work stress , to compare of the prevalance of stress among resident doctors working in clinical and non/para-clinical departments, to determine the factors leading to stress among resident doctors.Methods: after getting approval from Institutional ethics committee all the resident doctors of the hospital were contacted during a period of data collection of one year. Data was collected using standard questionnaire. Detailed descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: The mean age of the participants in the study was 26.8 years with maximum age being 39 years and minimum being 24 yrs. Among 454 study subjects nearly 34.8% were female and 64.2% were male i.e. 158 & 296 respectively. Among 454 resident doctors 188 from 1st , 139 from 2nd & 127 were from 3rd year of residency with percentage contribution of 41.4, 30.6 & 28.0 respectively, 39.4% of resident doctors are suffering from some degree of stress. While 16.1% suffered from mild degree of stress 7.9% suffered from moderate degree of stress, the percent of resident doctors suffering from severe and extremely severe degree of stress was 15.2 & 0.2 respectively. The prevalence of stress among clinical is much more (29.2%) as compared to non/para-clinical (13.9%), stress was more with increasing duration of working hours.Conclusions: It was found that the prevalence of stress among resident doctors was much more as compared to general population. The prevalence was directly correlated to factors like duration of working hours, gender and department.
The hematopoietic cells are multipotent primitive cells, which differentiate into either common myeloid and lymphoid progenitor. However, if there an abnormality in this process of differentiation, condition of leukemia arises, which is the 11th leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide in the year 2018. These abnormalities are brought about by array of mutations occurring at cellular level. According to the two-hit model hypothesis, key oncogenic events are classified into two classes: class I mutations and class II mutations. Class I mutations are those that causes activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), FLT3, c-kit (KIT), and Ras signaling pathways thereby increasing proliferation rate of progenitor cells. Class II mutations include recurrent chromosomal abnormalities such as t(8; 21), inv(16), and t(15; 17), which result in fusion transcripts of RUNX1/ETO, CBF/MYH11, and PML/RAR, respectively that eventually impair hematopoietic differentiation. The factors associated with leukemia can be biological, chemical or socio-economical. The advancement in the researches on the topic have aided to the development of various technologies such as detection of DNMT3A and xenografts assays, in order to detect these mutations in pre-leukemic cells. This review aims to provide an introduction to the condition, its types and provide brief summary on genes and mutations responsible for the condition. The factors associated with leukemia and technologies involved in the detection of leukemia are also reviewed.
Background: Measles has been a major public health concern leading to death among children despite availability of safe and cost-effective vaccines. Global push to improve vaccine coverage resulted in an 84% reduction in deaths. However, data from the year 2016 still reveals that there were 89, 780 measles deaths globally. 1 Aim: To study the epidemiological determinants influencing measles in children previously immunized with measles vaccine. Objectives: To determine the proportion of measles infected cases with history of prior measles immunization. To compare clinical profile of patients with and without history of prior measles immunization. Setting and design: Record based, Retrospective Cross sectional Study. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using hospital records from an infectious disease hospital situated in Greater Mumbai. The study was carried out over duration of 1 year. Records of all cases admitted for measles from January 2013 to December 2013 were studied in detail. Sampling technique used was universal sampling. Total sample size was 471. Majority of the cases were admitted based on the WHO clinical definition while for a few suspicious cases Measles specific IgM was carried out. Statistical analysis used: Chi square test. Results: Out of 471 case records reviewed for measles, 47% children were vaccinated for measles. Percentage of undernourished children who received the immunization was 48%. A statistically significant association was observed for age, gender and duration of disease amongst those who were immunized for measles (p<0.01). Conclusion: A significant percentage of children despite immunization suffered from measles. Age, gender and nutrition were found to play a vital role in acquisition of measles both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated children.
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