We present the work on development of Smart Detachable Wireless Sensing System for environment monitoring (SDWSS) complying with the IEEE 1451 standard. Barometric and alcohol two different detachable smart sensor have been developed by incorporating generic transducer, customized peripheral interface controller (PIC) 18LF2550 microcontroller and with other peripherals. Detachable smart transducer interface module (DSTIM) implemented using centralized PIC 18F4550 microcontroller based embedded platform, and wireless communication is achieved by 2.4 GHZ XBEE, and CC2500 based wireless module. Various intelligent power management protocols have been implemented on the detachable sensors. This is a flexible cost effective smart system ideal for distributed environment monitoring application.
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation mediated angiogenesis in synovial tissue, leading to apoptotic retardation and enhanced cell survival in synovial fibroblasts. Methotrexate (MTX) can reduce selective pro-inflammatory cytokines but unable to restore disrupted homeostasis between autophagy and apoptosis in fd-FLS.Objective: To evaluate the effect of black tea compound TF3 along with MTX upon fluid derived (fd)-FLS to induce apoptosis and inhibit autophagy through ER stress-mediated pathways.Methods: FLS sourced from synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA (n=11) and osteoarthritis (OA) (n=10) were cultured following treatment with MTX/TF3 or in combination and underlying mechanisms were investigated. Extracellular inflammatory markers like CRP and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), angiogenic markers (VEGF, ANG-1) were quantified by ELISA. Cell viability of cultured fd-FLS was determined by MTT assay. fd-FLS treated with MTX/TF3 or combination of MTX(125nM) and TF3(10µM), followed by apoptosis measurement by flow cytometry. ER stress associated markers were quantified by RT-PCR (IRE1A and spliced-XBP-1) and immunoblotting (Grp78, Hsp70, CHOP, HIF1-α). Apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspases) and autophagic proteins (Beclin1, LC3b and p62) were quantified by immunoblot study. Results: MTX and TF3 both in single doses (IC25) could down-regulate the levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic markers. Combination treatment modulated ER stress response and blocked the auto-phagmosomal proteins in fd-FLS and induced apoptosis.Conclusion: Disruption in homeostasis between apoptosis and autophagy might be an underlying phenomenon in the progression of pathophysiology in fd-FLS. The combined administration of MTX and TF3 successfully balanced the homeostasis by inducing apoptosis.
In this paper we present novel methods of energy efficient environment sensing in a very cost effective manner by a method called smart sensor switching. We have extracted the requirements of sensor switching and implemented various intelligent energy efficient protocols like dynamic sensor switching, sensor handover in the hardware platform which makes the sensing mechanism uninterrupted and highly energy efficient. The prototype hardware consists of five different gas sensors which are operated by centralized peripheral interface controller (PIC) based embedded system platform. The paper also describes a practical sensor switching mechanism with real time data, various dynamic and non dynamic sensor parameters have been considered in the designing scenario.
KeywordsSmart sensor switching, dynamic sensor switching, sensor handover, gas sensor, peripheral interface controller (PIC).
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