This
work demonstrates how the thermodynamics of cocrystal formation
from the pure, solid coformers can be directly determined from experimentally
obtained calorimetric data, without involving solubility data or approximations
of ideal solution. For the 1:1 cocrystal between the drug API sulfamethazine
and salicylic acid, the melting temperatures and associated enthalpies
of fusion have been determined for the coformers in their respective
pure solid state and as an equimolar physical mixture and for the
cocrystal, using differential scanning calorimetry. Heat capacities
have been determined for the respective solid forms and their supercooled
melts. The Gibbs energy for cocrystal formation and the enthalpic
and entropic components have been determined as functions of temperature
through a thermodynamic cycle. The Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy
of mixing have been estimated from the thermodynamic functions for
cocrystal formation and fusion of the solid phases. The results show
that the Gibbs energy for cocrystal formation is negative, i.e. the
cocrystal is the stable solid phase in relation to a 1:1 mixture of
the coformers throughout the temperature interval from room temperature
to the cocrystal melting point, and becomes increasingly negative
with increasing temperature. Cocrystal formation is an endothermic
process, driven by the favorable entropy increase, and is accompanied
by a 6% increase in molecular volume. At room temperature, liquid
mixing of coformers is found to be weakly exothermic. The results
qualitatively align with a previously reported analysis based on solubility
data.
A Cu-catalyzed new sequence involving the Ullmann type intermolecular C-C followed by an intramolecular C-N coupling and then intramolecular aza-Michael type addition (and oxidation) in a single pot afforded various fused N-heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives as inhibitors of PDE4.
A heterostructured copper sulfide–zinc
sulfide nanocomposite
is explored as a new class of low temperature and sustainable thermoelectric
materials. The nanoparticles are created through a wet chemical synthetic
technique and display a remarkable Janus structure. These nanoparticles
are processed as building blocks by molecular linking with short alkyl
chain ligands to enhance their electrical conductivity. The nanomaterials
are pressed into a pellet and subjected to subsequent thermal annealing
to remove volatiles and enhance particle contacts through sintering.
The resulting nanocomposite materials were characterized to assess
the thermoelectric characteristics, revealing P-type conductivity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.