In major region of the world, ample amount of fresh water is required for the drinking purpose as well as for the agricultural and industrial growth. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the alternate clean water extraction technologies to get the potable water from the saline water available at local area or inside the earth. One of the methods used to get the fresh water from the brackish water is solar distillation and the means used is called as a solar still. In the present work, single slope double basin solar still performance has been investigated with and without using Al2O3 nanoparticles at the location 20.61°N, 72.91°E. For the experimentation, two identical single slope double basin solar stills were fabricated with the same basin area. The yield of solar still, one without nanoparticles and the other with Al2O3 nanoparticles, has been measured for various weight concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles such as 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.20%. The results show that the use of nanoparticles in solar still increases the distilled output by 17.6%, 12.3%, 7.2%, and 2.6% for weight concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.20%, respectively, in comparison to the solar still without nanoparticles.

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In the present era, pure water scarcity is one of the biggest dilemmas. A solar still may be the best solution to solve the water problem in remote areas. But due to its lower efficiency, the device is not quite commercialized. A single basin single slope solar still is simple and economical, but it has a very low yield of distilled water. A double basin single slope solar still may enhance the productivity of the solar still by utilizing the latent heat of condensation which is lost in the atmosphere in the single basin single slope solar still. In the present paper, the performance of the double basin single slope solar still has been evaluated for the various water depths at the location of 20.61° N, 72.91° E. The yield of the solar still has been measured for the various depths of saline water in the lower basin such as 0.01 m, 0.02 m, 0.03 m, and 0.04 m. From the experimental results, the daily distillate of 2.024 l, 1.944 l, 1.892 l, and 1.792 l per m2 of the basin area and the overall efficiency of 24.56%, 24.00%, 23.33%, and 21.89% were obtained for the water depths of 0.01 m, 0.02 m, 0.03 m, and 0.04 m in the lower basin, respectively.

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Hybridization of electrodialysis (ED) and batch reverse osmosis (BRO) process is used to reduce the brine volume and water production cost. The ED process has the benefit of high water volume recovery in brackish water desalination, while reverse osmosis can produce pure water at a low production cost. To take benefit of both high-volume recovery and low cost, the hybridization of ED and BRO process is studied. Here, a simple hybrid process layout is preferred in which the ED process is kept in the reject stream of the BRO process and permeate from both ED and BRO is mixed. Recovery of the ED process is kept at 70% which can decide the blending ratio of ED and BRO permeates. The capital cost and operating cost of ED and BRO processes are used to calculate water production cost. The water production cost from the hybrid ED–BRO process is found to be 0.22 $ m−3 of freshwater when the feed concentration is 1,100 ppm. The cost increases from 0.20 to 0.34 $ m−3 with feed concentration from 1,000 to 2,000 ppm. In the cost, a major portion comes from the capital equipment and the highest contribution is from the membrane in both ED and BRO processes.

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