We investigated species diversity and distribution patterns of the marine red alga Portieria in the Philippine archipelago. Species boundaries were tested based on mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear encoded loci, using a general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model-based approach and a Bayesian multilocus species delimitation method. The outcome of the GMYC analysis of the mitochondrial encoded cox2-3 dataset was highly congruent with the multilocus analysis. In stark contrast with the current morphology-based assumption that the genus includes a single, widely distributed species in the Indo-West Pacific (Portieria hornemannii), DNA-based species delimitation resulted in the recognition of 21 species within the Philippines. Species distributions were found to be highly structured with most species restricted to island groups within the archipelago. These extremely narrow species ranges and high levels of intra-archipelagic endemism contrast with the wide-held belief that marine organisms generally have large geographical ranges and that endemism is at most restricted to the archipelagic level. Our results indicate that speciation in the marine environment may occur at spatial scales smaller than 100 km, comparable with some terrestrial systems. Our finding of fine-scale endemism has important consequences for marine conservation and management.

Dictyota is a genus of tropical to warm temperate brown algae characterized by parenchymatous, flattened thalli that grow from a single, transversely oriented apical cell. Dictyota is currently distinguished from allied genera of the tribe Dictyoteae (Dilophus, Glossophora, Glossophorella, and Pachydictyon) by the structure of the cortical and medullary layers, as well as the relative abundance of surface proliferations. Even though the traditional classification of the Dictyoteae has repeatedly been criticized in the past, the absence of sound molecular data has so far discouraged any new taxonomic proposals apart from a merger of Dilophus with Dictyota, which has been accepted by only part of the phycological community. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL gene, partial 26S rDNA sequence, and combined data sets, including four of five generitypes, demonstrates that the traditional classification does not accurately reflect the evolutionary history of the group. None of the genera are resolved as a monophyletic clade. Hence, a merger of Glossophora, Glossophorella, and Pachydictyon in Dictyota is proposed. Two new genera, Canistrocarpus (incorporating D. cervicornis, D. crispata, and D. magneana) and Rugulopteryx (accommodating D. radicans, Dil. suhrii, and Dil. marginata), are proposed. Both genera are supported by molecular indications and a combination of reproductive and vegetative characters. The position of Dil. fastigiatus as a clade sister to Dictyota s.l. and the absence of Dil. gunnianus, the generitype of Dilophus, from the analyses, prevented us from making a more definite statement on the status of the latter genus.

Aim Biogeographical processes underlying Indo‐Pacific biodiversity patterns have been relatively well studied in marine shallow water invertebrates and fishes, but have been explored much less extensively in seaweeds, despite these organisms often displaying markedly different patterns. Using the marine red alga Portieria as a model, we aim to gain understanding of the evolutionary processes generating seaweed biogeographical patterns. Our results will be evaluated and compared with known patterns and processes in animals. Location Indo‐Pacific marine region. Methods Species diversity estimates were inferred using DNA‐based species delimitation methods. Historical biogeographical patterns were inferred based on a six‐gene time‐calibrated phylogeny, distribution data of 802 specimens, and probabilistic modelling of geographical range evolution. The importance of geographical isolation for speciation was further evaluated by population genetic analyses at the intraspecific level. Results We delimited 92 candidate species, most with restricted distributions, suggesting low dispersal capacity. Highest species diversity was found in the Indo‐Malay Archipelago (IMA). Our phylogeny indicates that Portieria originated during the late Cretaceous in the area that is now the Central Indo‐Pacific. The biogeographical history of Portieria includes repeated dispersal events to peripheral regions, followed by long‐term persistence and diversification of lineages within those regions, and limited dispersal back to the IMA. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the long geological history of the IMA played an important role in shaping Portieria diversity. High species richness in the IMA resulted from a combination of speciation at small spatial scales, possibly as a result of increased regional habitat diversity from the Eocene onwards, and species accumulation via dispersal and/or island integration through tectonic movement. Our results are consistent with the biodiversity feedback model, in which biodiversity hotspots act as both “centres of origin” and “centres of accumulation,” and corroborate previous findings for invertebrates and fish that there is no single unifying model explaining the biological diversity within the IMA.

Possible sources of variation in non-polar secondary metabolites of Portieria hornemannii, sampled from two distinct regions in the Philippines (Batanes and Visayas), resulting from different life-history stages, presence of cryptic species, and/or spatiotemporal factors, were investigated. PCA analyses demonstrated secondary metabolite variation between, as well as within, five cryptic Batanes species. Intraspecific variation was even more pronounced in the three cryptic Visayas species, which included samples from six sites. Neither species groupings, nor spatial or temporal based patterns, were observed in the PCA analysis, however, intraspecific variation in secondary metabolites was detected between life-history stages. Male gametophytes (102 metabolites detected) were strongly discriminated from the two other stages, whilst female gametophyte (202 metabolites detected) and tetrasporophyte (106 metabolites detected) samples were partially discriminated. These results suggest that life-history driven variations, and possibly other microscale factors, may influence the variation within Portieria species.

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