Mesoporous metal−organic frameworks (mesoMOFs) have gained some attention as protein immobilization agents. Herein, and for the first time, three model proteins (lysozyme, trypsin, and albumin) were used to show that crystallization is effectively induced when the protein is immobilized inside the mesoMOF, with this occurring for lysozyme, while trypsin and albumin were size-excluded. It is shown that heterogeneous nucleation is truly remarkable in the case of lysozyme with a strong adhesion to the mesoMOF surface. These findings suggest that the ability to fix the target protein with a molecular-scale periodicity constitutes a significant advantage of mesoMOFs over other nucleating agents.
Background: Dye removal from effluents is one of the major problems faced in the world. It is a very important environmental issue and it is crucial to solve this problem. In this sense, ZIFs are increasingly important in the environmental area. Objective: This work presents the synthesis of metal-organic framework Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles, characterization and then determine the potential to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from an aqueous solution. Methods: ZIF-8 was synthesized under solvothermal treatment at 25 °C and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy. To evaluate the capacity of the RhB, a pHinfluence and kinetic studies were determined. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. Results: ZIF-8 had average particle size 47 ± 4.6 nm. The removal percentage increases significantly when pH was in the range of 7.0–9.0. A pseudo-second-order kinetic of 13.00 mg/g was found for the RhB removal. The adsorption capacity at equilibrium was found to be 11.8 mg/g. Conclusion: According to the characterization results, the ZIF-8 synthesis was effective and produced a crystalline material. The ZIF-8 presented an affinity to the RhB dye. A pseudo-second order kinetic model represented well the mechanism of interaction involved during RhB adsorption and ZIF-8.
The role of epigenetics in chronic pain at the supraspinal level is yet to be fully characterized. DNA histone methylation is crucially regulated by de novo methyltransferases (DNMT1-3) and ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases (TET1-3). Evidence has shown that methylation markers are altered in different CNS regions related to nociception, namely the dorsal root ganglia, the spinal cord, and different brain areas. Decreased global methylation was found in the DRG, the prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala, which was associated with decreased DNMT1/3a expression. In contrast, increased methylation levels and mRNA levels of TET1 and TET3 were linked to augmented pain hypersensitivity and allodynia in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Since epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for the regulation and coordination of various transcriptional modifications described in chronic pain states, with this study, we aimed to evaluate the functional role of TET1-3 and DNMT1/3a genes in neuropathic pain in several brain areas. In a spared nerve injury rat model of neuropathic pain, 21 days after surgery, we found increased TET1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and decreased expression in the caudate-putamen and the amygdala; TET2 was upregulated in the medial thalamus; TET3 mRNA levels were reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex and the caudate-putamen; and DNMT1 was downregulated in the caudate-putamen and the medial thalamus. No statistically significant changes in expression were observed with DNMT3a. Our results suggest a complex functional role for these genes in different brain areas in the context of neuropathic pain. The notion of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation being cell-type specific and not tissue specific, as well as the possibility of chronologically differential gene expression after the establishment of neuropathic or inflammatory pain models, ought to be addressed in future studies.
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