Objective: To evaluate cephalometric changes in tooth and profile position in young adolescent individuals with Class I biprotrusion submitted to orthodontic treatment with extractions of four first premolars.
Methods:Pre and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs from 20 patients with Class I biprotrusion malocclusion were used to evaluate the following measurements: nasolabial angle, distance from lips to E line, distance from lips, incisors, tip of the nose and soft tissue pogonion to Sy line.Results: All measurements showed significant changes after treatment (p<0.05), except the distance from lips and soft tissue pogonion to Sy line. There was a positive correlation between the retraction of incisors and the change of upper and lower lips (0.803/0.925; p<0.001).
Conclusion:The profile retrusion observed occurred more due to nose growth than to lips retraction. The response from soft tissues to incisors retraction showed a great variability.
Chikungunya fever is a disease caused by a virus from the same family as dengue and Zika. It is endemic in several parts of the world and has recently spread to Latin America. We report the case of a patient, aged 58 years, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who in 2013 developed an acute bilateral third cranial nerve palsy sparing the pupil. After extensive investigation, it was diagnosed as caused by chikungunya infection. The patient was treated with pulse therapy and after 5 months of the onset of the condition, the patient showed improvement.
The outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) that started in Wuhan, China, has spread all over the world and has had a great impact on eye care. 1 It is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may have ocular manifestations in some patients. 2 This is a single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of about 30 kb in length. The RNA genome encodes its proteins. The proteins are spike protein S, membrane protein M, envelope protein E and nucleocapsid protein N. Protein S is responsible for attachment to host receptors; protein M helps to shape virus particles and their binding to the nucleocapsid; protein E acts in the assembly of particle release; and protein N acts on genome binding and replication. 3 The new coronavirus shows 96% genetic similarity to the bat-type coronavirus SARS BatCovRaTG13, and its spike surface protein (S) binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface. ACE2 expression can be found in respiratory, intestinal, renal, cardiac and immune cells. Its main transmission routes are through respiratory droplets, fomites and fecal-oral routes. Some patients have had an episode of conjunctivitis before pneumonia, thus raising the hypothesis that the ocular mucosa is a possible transmission route for SARS-CoV-2, since the cornea and conjunctiva show expression of the ACE2 receptor, which is responsible for entry of the virus cells. 4 Presence of the ACE2 infection receptor in the aqueous humor of humans has also been described. 5 ACE2 is a crucial receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in vivo: in an experiment on mice, an injection of SARS-CoV spike worsened acute lung failure in vivo, which was then attenuated by blocking the renin-angiotensin pathway. 6,7
OBJECTIVEThe objective of this narrative review was to summarize the currently available evidence on COVID-19 with regard to its implications for ophthalmology.
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